[Lingtyp] Lingtyp Digest, Vol 64, Issue 28

Mon Jan 27 14:10:41 UTC 2020

Hello,

If you do not have it yet in your data, one can mention the French verb
*s'écouler* 'to flow' used to denote time passing (Lat. SE + EX + COLARE).
E.g.:

1) "Peu de temps s'était écoulé après son accident, et il devait pourtant
recommencer à travailler."
--> Lit. 'Little time had flowed after his accident, and yet he already had
to start working again.'
2) "La semaine qui vient de s'écouler était particulièrement éprouvante."
--> Lit. 'The week that just flowed was particularly tiring.'

This usage is not different from e.g.:

3) "L'eau doit pouvoir s'écouler pour garantir une cuisson optimale des
pâtes."
--> 'The water must be able to flow away to guarantee an optimal cooking of
the pasta.'
4) "La Senne coule à Bruxelles."
--> 'The (river) Senne flows through Brussels.'

Kind regards,

Joachim Kokkelmans

Am Mo., 27. Jan. 2020 um 14:16 Uhr schrieb Hannu Tommola <
hannu.tommola at tuni.fi>:

> Dear Leonid,
>
> haven't you considered the Germanic - Dutch *tijd*, and notably English *tide
> *(ebb and flow)?
>
> Regards,
> Hannu
> ------------------------------
> *Lähettäjä:* Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> käyttäjän Kulikov, L. <L.Kulikov at hum.leidenuniv.nl> puolesta
> *Lähetetty:* maanantai 27. tammikuuta 2020 0.14
> *Vastaanottaja:* Joseph Brooks <brooks.josephd at gmail.com>; Linguistic
> Typology <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> *Aihe:* Re: [Lingtyp] Lingtyp Digest, Vol 64, Issue 28
>
>
> Dear Joseph,
>
> Thanks for the information and suggestions - very useful for my research!
>
> Best,
>
> Leonid
> ------------------------------
> *From:* Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of
> Joseph Brooks <brooks.josephd at gmail.com>
> *Sent:* 26 January 2020 22:36:52
> *To:* Linguistic Typology
> *Subject:* Re: [Lingtyp] Lingtyp Digest, Vol 64, Issue 28
>
> Dear Leonid,
> In Chini (a Papuan language) there is in fact no single noun for 'time'.
> Yet the closest would be the use of the word for water, anmV (V = barred i)
> which is used to refer to long temporal intervals, eg a year or so. This is
> not terribly surprising since people there are quite dependent on the
> Sogeram River, which changes dramatically across the four Chini seasons
> (which basically correspond to dry vs wet). This word then gets used in
> various temporal expressions, eg 'to age/get older', anmV mbVnVmbVnV (sry
> for the pesky Vs). Lit. 'to gain/increase water'.
>
> I do not know much more about this but it could be interesting to consult
> the grammars or dictionaries of languages used in highly riverine
> societies, as with Chini.
>
> Cheers
> Joseph
>
> On Sun, Jan 26, 2020 at 1:00 PM <lingtyp-request at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> wrote:
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>    1. Re: Query: Metaphors of Time and etymology (Kulikov, L.)
>
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Message: 1
> Date: Sun, 26 Jan 2020 01:12:38 +0000
> From: "Kulikov, L." <L.Kulikov at hum.leidenuniv.nl>
> To: Bernhard Wälchli <bernhard at ling.su.se>
> Cc: "lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org"
>         <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>,
>         "LINGTYP at LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"
>         <LINGTYP at LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG>
> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Query: Metaphors of Time and etymology
> Message-ID:
>         <
> 2AC2ED821568F34E88CEDE5B1445BA9A5C2EBFB8 at SPMXM05.VUW.leidenuniv.nl>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
>
> Dear Bernhard,
>
> Thank you for your response.
> I am NOT claiming of course that ALL words for time (in ALL languages) can
> be etymologized on the basis of two metaphors for Time mentioned in my
> query (rotation and flow(ing)). What I AM interested in is a (preliminary)
> typology of semantic shifts that may eventually result in the meaning
> ‘time’; or, put differently, in a typology of possible (etymological)
> sources of the words for ‘time’. These sources are of course not limited to
> ‘rotation’ and ‘flow(ing)’ words. For instance, Germanic words for ‘time’
> (time, Zeit, tijd etc.), are traceable to the derivatives of the
> Proto-Germanic (and Proto-Indo-European) verbal root meaning ‘to divide’
> (PIE *deh2(i)-), thus originally meaning ‘division, section, piece; period,
> quantum of time’ or the like. Your Baltic example instantiates yet another
> possible etymological source of the word for ‘time’.
> I am NOT claiming that the etymology necessarily reflects the difference
> in the way the Time is conceptualized by the speakers of a proto-language
> (Proto-Slavic, Proto-Germanic, Proto-Baltic etc.). My query is, I repeat,
> about a “typology of etymologies” of the words for Time. And, as I said,
> even a preliminary research demonstrates that, among several (quite many!)
> etymologies, we find one which can only be explained as based on one of the
> two archaic metaphors for Time (Time as rotation) – I think you won’t deny
> that this is the only way to explain the origin of the words for Time in
> Slavic and Indic (in the same way as words for, say, ‘horse’ originate in
> some languages from the adjective ‘quick’; words for ‘father’ – from
> ‘protector’; etc. etc.).
> My question is thus: do we find languages, where the words for Time can be
> explained (etymologized) in terms of another metaphor for Time – Time as
> flow(ing)?
> Best,
> Leonid
>
>
>
> ________________________________
> From: Bernhard Wälchli [bernhard at ling.su.se]
> Sent: 25 January 2020 20:26
> To: Kulikov, L.
> Subject: Re: Query: Metaphors of Time and etymology
>
>
> Dear Leonid,
>
> I am not sure whether one can simply take for granted that the word for
> "time" in a language reflects an idea about the concept time. In the (East)
> Baltic languages, "time" is etymologically what is left: _laik(a)s_ and
> this obviously comes from uses in a particular construction: "I have (no)
> time" = "I have (no[thing]) left" (probably with the partitive genitive as
> the basic form rather than the nominative originally). I think it would be
> wrong to conclude that the ancestors of Latvians and Lithuanian conceived
> of time in an abstract sense of something that is left, the abstract notion
> of time is not the issue, the issue is concrete language use in a concrete
> construction, which, as a byproduct, gave rise to a particular noun with
> the meaning "time" in a sort of "deconstructionalization".
>
> Put differently, metonymy rather than metaphor in this case.
>
> This is about as if the Russian word for "time" would be **когда from мне
> некогда.
>
> Best wishes,
>
> Bernhard
>
>
> ________________________________
> From: Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of
> Kulikov, L. <L.Kulikov at hum.leidenuniv.nl>
> Sent: Saturday, January 25, 2020 2:16 PM
> To: lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> Cc: lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org; kulikovli at googlemail.com
> Subject: [Lingtyp] Query: Metaphors of Time and etymology
>
>
> ________________________________
>
> From: Kulikov, L.
> Sent: 24 January 2020 22:54
> To: lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org
> Cc: kulikovli at googlemail.com
> Subject: Query: Metaphors of Time and etymology
>
> Dear colleagues,
>
> It is well-known that the concept of Time is linguistically connected with
> a plethora of metaphors that help to accommodate the notions related to
> Time within the human mind. In particular, there are two well-known
> universal metaphors for Time: Time as rotation (wheel, revolving etc.) and
> Time as flow(ing) (river etc.).
>
> The former metaphor underlies the etymology of the words for Time in many
> languages, including Indo-European. Cf., for instance:
> 1) Slavic (Old Church Slavonic) vrěmę (with cognates), going back to
> *vert-men- ‘turning, rotation’; and
> 2) (Vedic) Sanskrit kāla- ‘time’ derived from the Indic reflex of the
> Proto-Indo-European root *kwel- ‘move (around), revolve, rotate’ (cf. words
> for ‘wheel’ in several Indo-European languages, such as Greek kyklos,
> Slavic kolo- etc., Germanic (Eng.) wheel etc., all derived from the
> reflexes of the same root).
>
> However, I was unable to find similar examples for the latter metaphor –
> that of river/flow. Can anyone provide examples from any language,
> illustrating this metaphor, i.e. word for Time etymologizable as ‘river’,
> ‘flow’, ‘stream’ etc.?
> Many thanks,
>
> Leonid Kulikov
>
> Ghent University, Linguistics Dept.
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