[Lingtyp] Lingtyp Digest, Vol 64, Issue 28

Mon Jan 27 15:03:49 UTC 2020

Thanks Joachim,

Indeed, this is interesting, and is of course a good illustration of the River-metaphor for Time; not unknown for many other (European) languages either, cf. Much water has flowed under the bridge / London Bridge / down the Thames since… etc.

Best,

Leonid

________________________________
From: Joachim Kokkelmans <joachimkokkelmans at gmail.com>
Sent: 27 January 2020 15:10
To: Hannu Tommola
Cc: Kulikov, L.; Joseph Brooks; Linguistic Typology
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Lingtyp Digest, Vol 64, Issue 28

Hello,

If you do not have it yet in your data, one can mention the French verb s'écouler 'to flow' used to denote time passing (Lat. SE + EX + COLARE). E.g.:

1) "Peu de temps s'était écoulé après son accident, et il devait pourtant recommencer à travailler."
--> Lit. 'Little time had flowed after his accident, and yet he already had to start working again.'
2) "La semaine qui vient de s'écouler était particulièrement éprouvante."
--> Lit. 'The week that just flowed was particularly tiring.'

This usage is not different from e.g.:

3) "L'eau doit pouvoir s'écouler pour garantir une cuisson optimale des pâtes."
--> 'The water must be able to flow away to guarantee an optimal cooking of the pasta.'
4) "La Senne coule à Bruxelles."
--> 'The (river) Senne flows through Brussels.'

Kind regards,

Joachim Kokkelmans

Am Mo., 27. Jan. 2020 um 14:16 Uhr schrieb Hannu Tommola <hannu.tommola at tuni.fi<mailto:hannu.tommola at tuni.fi>>:
Dear Leonid,

haven't you considered the Germanic - Dutch tijd, and notably English tide (ebb and flow)?

Regards,
Hannu
________________________________
Lähettäjä: Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>> käyttäjän Kulikov, L. <L.Kulikov at hum.leidenuniv.nl<mailto:L.Kulikov at hum.leidenuniv.nl>> puolesta
Lähetetty: maanantai 27. tammikuuta 2020 0.14
Vastaanottaja: Joseph Brooks <brooks.josephd at gmail.com<mailto:brooks.josephd at gmail.com>>; Linguistic Typology <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>>
Aihe: Re: [Lingtyp] Lingtyp Digest, Vol 64, Issue 28

Dear Joseph,

Thanks for the information and suggestions - very useful for my research!

Best,

Leonid

________________________________
From: Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>> on behalf of Joseph Brooks <brooks.josephd at gmail.com<mailto:brooks.josephd at gmail.com>>
Sent: 26 January 2020 22:36:52
To: Linguistic Typology
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Lingtyp Digest, Vol 64, Issue 28

Dear Leonid,
In Chini (a Papuan language) there is in fact no single noun for 'time'. Yet the closest would be the use of the word for water, anmV (V = barred i) which is used to refer to long temporal intervals, eg a year or so. This is not terribly surprising since people there are quite dependent on the Sogeram River, which changes dramatically across the four Chini seasons (which basically correspond to dry vs wet). This word then gets used in various temporal expressions, eg 'to age/get older', anmV mbVnVmbVnV (sry for the pesky Vs). Lit. 'to gain/increase water'.

I do not know much more about this but it could be interesting to consult the grammars or dictionaries of languages used in highly riverine societies, as with Chini.

Cheers
Joseph

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Today's Topics:

   1. Re: Query: Metaphors of Time and etymology (Kulikov, L.)

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Message: 1
Date: Sun, 26 Jan 2020 01:12:38 +0000
From: "Kulikov, L." <L.Kulikov at hum.leidenuniv.nl<mailto:L.Kulikov at hum.leidenuniv.nl>>
To: Bernhard Wälchli <bernhard at ling.su.se<mailto:bernhard at ling.su.se>>
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Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Query: Metaphors of Time and etymology
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Dear Bernhard,

Thank you for your response.
I am NOT claiming of course that ALL words for time (in ALL languages) can be etymologized on the basis of two metaphors for Time mentioned in my query (rotation and flow(ing)). What I AM interested in is a (preliminary) typology of semantic shifts that may eventually result in the meaning ‘time’; or, put differently, in a typology of possible (etymological) sources of the words for ‘time’. These sources are of course not limited to ‘rotation’ and ‘flow(ing)’ words. For instance, Germanic words for ‘time’ (time, Zeit, tijd etc.), are traceable to the derivatives of the Proto-Germanic (and Proto-Indo-European) verbal root meaning ‘to divide’ (PIE *deh2(i)-), thus originally meaning ‘division, section, piece; period, quantum of time’ or the like. Your Baltic example instantiates yet another possible etymological source of the word for ‘time’.
I am NOT claiming that the etymology necessarily reflects the difference in the way the Time is conceptualized by the speakers of a proto-language (Proto-Slavic, Proto-Germanic, Proto-Baltic etc.). My query is, I repeat, about a “typology of etymologies” of the words for Time. And, as I said, even a preliminary research demonstrates that, among several (quite many!) etymologies, we find one which can only be explained as based on one of the two archaic metaphors for Time (Time as rotation) – I think you won’t deny that this is the only way to explain the origin of the words for Time in Slavic and Indic (in the same way as words for, say, ‘horse’ originate in some languages from the adjective ‘quick’; words for ‘father’ – from ‘protector’; etc. etc.).
My question is thus: do we find languages, where the words for Time can be explained (etymologized) in terms of another metaphor for Time – Time as flow(ing)?
Best,
Leonid

________________________________
From: Bernhard Wälchli [bernhard at ling.su.se<mailto:bernhard at ling.su.se>]
Sent: 25 January 2020 20:26
To: Kulikov, L.
Subject: Re: Query: Metaphors of Time and etymology

Dear Leonid,

I am not sure whether one can simply take for granted that the word for "time" in a language reflects an idea about the concept time. In the (East) Baltic languages, "time" is etymologically what is left: _laik(a)s_ and this obviously comes from uses in a particular construction: "I have (no) time" = "I have (no[thing]) left" (probably with the partitive genitive as the basic form rather than the nominative originally). I think it would be wrong to conclude that the ancestors of Latvians and Lithuanian conceived of time in an abstract sense of something that is left, the abstract notion of time is not the issue, the issue is concrete language use in a concrete construction, which, as a byproduct, gave rise to a particular noun with the meaning "time" in a sort of "deconstructionalization".

Put differently, metonymy rather than metaphor in this case.

This is about as if the Russian word for "time" would be **когда from мне некогда.

Best wishes,

Bernhard

________________________________
From: Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>> on behalf of Kulikov, L. <L.Kulikov at hum.leidenuniv.nl<mailto:L.Kulikov at hum.leidenuniv.nl>>
Sent: Saturday, January 25, 2020 2:16 PM
To: lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
Cc: lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>; kulikovli at googlemail.com<mailto:kulikovli at googlemail.com>
Subject: [Lingtyp] Query: Metaphors of Time and etymology

________________________________

From: Kulikov, L.
Sent: 24 January 2020 22:54
To: lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>
Cc: kulikovli at googlemail.com<mailto:kulikovli at googlemail.com>
Subject: Query: Metaphors of Time and etymology

Dear colleagues,

It is well-known that the concept of Time is linguistically connected with a plethora of metaphors that help to accommodate the notions related to Time within the human mind. In particular, there are two well-known universal metaphors for Time: Time as rotation (wheel, revolving etc.) and Time as flow(ing) (river etc.).

The former metaphor underlies the etymology of the words for Time in many languages, including Indo-European. Cf., for instance:
1) Slavic (Old Church Slavonic) vrěmę (with cognates), going back to *vert-men- ‘turning, rotation’; and
2) (Vedic) Sanskrit kāla- ‘time’ derived from the Indic reflex of the Proto-Indo-European root *kwel- ‘move (around), revolve, rotate’ (cf. words for ‘wheel’ in several Indo-European languages, such as Greek kyklos, Slavic kolo- etc., Germanic (Eng.) wheel etc., all derived from the reflexes of the same root).

However, I was unable to find similar examples for the latter metaphor – that of river/flow. Can anyone provide examples from any language, illustrating this metaphor, i.e. word for Time etymologizable as ‘river’, ‘flow’, ‘stream’ etc.?
Many thanks,

Leonid Kulikov

Ghent University, Linguistics Dept.
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