[Lingtyp] Affectionate or sympathy marking

[Guillaume Jacques]

Dear Christian,

Japhug has an exclamative word *dɯxpa* 'poor XXX', of nominal origin, but
which, exceptionally, became able to index the number and person of the
noun phrase it follows like a verb (however, only first and third person,
not second person; besides, it cannot take any TAME marker). See Jacques
(2021:610-611) <https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/295>, as in (1).

(1) wo a-rɟit ra dɯxpa-nɯ ma nɯ ɯ-xtu ɯ-ŋgɯ nɯtɕu ɣɤʑu-nɯ rca
1sg.poss-child pl poor-pl lnk dem 3sg.poss-belly 3sg.poss-inside dem:loc
exist:sens-pl sfp

My poor children, they are in his [the wolf's] belly


Guillaume

Le jeu. 12 janv. 2023 à 11:10, Christian Döhler <christian.doehler at posteo.de>
a écrit :

> Dear colleagues,
>
> I am looking for publications that address the difference between (1) and
> (2). In (2), the English adjective *poor* is used to signal the speaker's
> sympathy or affection towards the dog.
>
>    1. *The dog is waiting for its owner.*
>    2. *The poor dog is waiting for its owner.*
>
> While English (and my native German) does this by extending the meaning of
> the adjective *poor *(and *arm* in German), other languages have special
> words with only that meaning. For example, Komnzo *bana *is a postposed
> adjective that only conveys sympathy.
>
> *    ni bananzo namnzr karen.*
>     ni           bana=nzo        na\m/nzr                       kar=en
>     1NSG    SYMP=only     1PL:NPST:IPFV/stay    village=LOC
>     'Only we poor guys stay behind in the village' (subtext: 'while the
> others are going to the celebration in the neighbouring village')
>     (NSG = non-singular, SYMP = sympathy marker, NPST = nonpast)
>
> Yet other languages seem to have special verb morphology for this. Van
> Tongeren describes this for Suki (her PhD grammar will probably be
> available later this year).
>
> Pointers to more examples and publications of this are most welcome. I was
> googling this with keywords like "sympathy", "empathy", "affection", but
> with not much luck. So there might be a whole literature on this phenomenon
> under different terminology. If that's the case, then please excuse my
> ignorance.
>
> Very Best,
> Christian
>
> --
> Dr. Christian Döhler
> Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS)
> Schützenstraße 18
> 10117 Berlin
> Raum: 445
> Tel.: +49 30 20192 412https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-5920
>
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-- 
Guillaume Jacques

Directeur de recherches
CNRS (CRLAO) - EPHE- INALCO
https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=1XCp2-oAAAAJ&hl=fr
https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/295
<http://cnrs.academia.edu/GuillaumeJacques>
http://panchr.hypotheses.org/
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