[Lingtyp] IHRCs and verb-final order

[Mark Post]

I’d be cautious with the Tibeto-Burman data reported on below – the analysis is not straightforward, as “internal/external” distinctions are sometimes analysed as pre-head/post-head distinctions (in the case of subject/actor relatives) and/or headless/headed (in the case of object/undergoer relatives), and it’s not automatically clear – for any given language or in general – which analysis is “better”. Moreover, in at least some of these cases (e.g. “Digaru Mishmi” and “Yidu”), I don’t believe that there is either enough data or enough analysis yet to settle on a particular analysis – notably, in the case of Tawrã, for example (= “Digaru Mishmi”) Grambank codes “absent”, while WMD says “present”.
Mark

Bickel, Balthasar. 1999. “Nominalization and Focus Constructions in Some Kiranti Languages.” In Topics in Nepalese Linguistics, edited by Yogendra P. Yadava and Warren G. Glover, 271–96. Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy. [argues persuasively for the IHRC analysis]

Post, Mark W. 2011. “Nominalization and Nominalization-Based Constructions in Galo.” In Nominalization in Asian Languages: Diachronic and Typological Perspectives, edited by Foong Ha Yap, Karen Grunow-Hårsta, and Janick Wrona, 255–87. Typological Studies in Language 96. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. [discusses relevant analytical challenges]


From: Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Juergen Bohnemeyer <jb77 at buffalo.edu>
Date: Sunday, 4 February 2024 at 11:59 am
To: Mark Donohue <mhdonohue at gmail.com>
Cc: LINGTYP at listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] IHRCs and verb-final order
The Grambank numbers are slightly less lobsided:

                    V-initial        V-medial      V-final
IHRCs          25                53                139
No IHRCS    241              636              427
???               154              300              329

Unfortunately, though, these numbers appear to be tainted by what looks like a systematic coding error:

I probed a few suspicious looking data points (Catalan, Corsican, and Slovenian are all coded as having IHRCs), and on checking the cited sources, it became apparent that the coder systematically mistook headless RCs for IHRCs ☹

Best – Juergen


Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)
Professor, Department of Linguistics
University at Buffalo

Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260
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Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh)

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From: Mark Donohue <mhdonohue at gmail.com>
Date: Saturday, February 3, 2024 at 15:39
To: Juergen Bohnemeyer <jb77 at buffalo.edu>
Cc: LINGTYP at listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] IHRCs and verb-final order
You don't often get email from mhdonohue at gmail.com. Learn why this is important<https://aka.ms/LearnAboutSenderIdentification>
Odd, I've only personally encountered internal relative clauses in verb-initial languages, and that turns out to be massively skewed against the global trends. The World_morphosyntax database (Kalyan and Donohue 2023) shows these languages as being SOV and having internally-headed relative clauses:

Africa
Dogon
Bankan Tey Dogon
Africa
Dogon
Dogon
Africa
Dogon
Dogul Dom Dogon
Africa
Dogon
Donno So Dogon
Africa
Dogon
Mombo Dogon
Africa
Dogon
Nanga Dogon
Africa
Dogon
Tomo Kan Dogon
Africa
Dogon
Yorno So Dogon
Africa
Mande
Cliffs Jenaama Bozo
Africa
Mande
Jenaama-Sorogaama_Djenné Bozo
Africa
Mande
Jo
Africa
Mande
Kakabe
Africa
Mande
Kelenga Bozo
Africa
Mande
Maninka_Niokolo
Africa
Niger-Kongo _Atlantic-Congo_Volta-Niger_Mbre
Mbre
Africa
Nilo-Saharan _Saharan_Eastern Sudanic
Zaghawa
Africa
Siamou
Seme
Australia
Eastern Daly
Kamu
Australia
Macro-Gunwinygu _Maningrida
Nakkara
Australia
Pama-Nyungan
Dyirbal
Australia
Pama-Nyungan
Panyjima
Australia
Pama-Nyungan
Yuwaalaraay
Eurasia
Ainu
Ainu_Saru
Eurasia
Austroasiatic_Munda
Koda
Eurasia
Austroasiatic_Munda
Sora
Eurasia
Hurro-Urartian
Hurrian
Eurasia
Indo-European _Indo-Iranian
Bagri
Eurasia
Indo-European _Indo-Iranian
Danggaura_Tharu
Eurasia
Indo-European _Indo-Iranian
Gawri
Eurasia
Indo-European _Indo-Iranian
Kalami
Eurasia
Indo-European _Indo-Iranian
Khowar
Eurasia
Indo-European _Indo-Iranian
Nepali_Bengali
Eurasia
Indo-European _Indo-Iranian
Shekhawati
Eurasia
Indo-European _Indo-Iranian
Surgujia
Eurasia
Kusunda
Kusunda
Eurasia
Northwest Caucasus
Adyghe
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Bodic_Bodish_East Bodish
Kurtöp
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Bodic_Bodish_Tibetan
Mugom
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Bodic_Bodish_Tibetan
Rgyalthang
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Digarish_Idu
Digaru Mishmi
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Digarish_Idu
Yidu
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Dura
Dura
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Keman-Meyor
Meyor
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Kuke
Kuke
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Kuki-Chin-Naga_Angami-Ao_Central Naga
Mongsen Ao
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Kuki-Chin-Naga_Karbic
Karbi
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Kuki-Chin-Naga_Kuki-Chin_Central Kuki-Chin
Mizo
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Kuki-Chin-Naga_Kuki-Chin_Central Kuki-Chin
Senthang
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Kuki-Chin-Naga_Kuki-Chin_Peripheral Kuki-Chin
Gangte
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Kuki-Chin-Naga_Zemeic_Rongmei
Inpui
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Na-Qiangic_Qiangic_Gyalrongic
Khroskyabs_Wobzi
Eurasia
Tibeto-Burman _Western Himalayan_Eastern Western Himalayan_Almora
Tinkar Lo
Eurasia
Tungusic _North Tungusic
Even
North America
Caddoan_Northern Caddoan_Pawnee-Kitsai_Pawnee-Arikara
Arikara
North America
Chibchan_Core Chibchan_Isthmic Chibchan_Eastern Isthmic Chibchan
Guaymi
North America
Chibchan_Core Chibchan_Isthmic Chibchan_Western Isthmic Chibchan
Naso
North America
Dene-Yeniseic _Na-Dene_Athapaskan
Jicarilla
North America
Dene-Yeniseic _Na-Dene_Athapaskan
Koyukon
North America
Dene-Yeniseic _Na-Dene_Athapaskan
Navajo
North America
Dene-Yeniseic _Na-Dene_Athapaskan
Upper Tanana
North America
Eskimo-Aleut _Eskimo_Inuit_Inupiaq
Iñupiaq
North America
Jicaque
Tol
North America
Kiowa-Tanoan
Arizona Tewa
North America
Kiowa-Tanoan
Kiowa
North America
Kiowa-Tanoan
Picuris
North America
Misumalpan
Miskito
North America
Misumalpan
Sumu
North America
Misumalpan
Tawahka
North America
Muskogean _Western Muskogean
Choctaw
North America
Pakawan
Coahuilteco
North America
Siouan _Western Siouan
Assiniboine
North America
Siouan _Western Siouan
Crow
North America
Siouan _Western Siouan
Hidatsa
North America
Siouan _Western Siouan
Lakhota
North America
Siouan _Western Siouan
Nakoda
North America
Siouan _Western Siouan
Osage
North America
Siouan _Western Siouan
Stoney
North America
Siouan _Western Siouan
Winnebago
North America
Wappo-Yukian _South Wappo-Yukian
Wappo
North America
Yok-Utian _Utian_Miwok-Costanoan_Miwok
Miwok_Lake
North America
Yuman-Cochimi _Yuman_Yuman Core_Delta-California
Diegueño
North America
Yuman-Cochimi _Yuman_Yuman Core_Delta-California
Jamul Tiipay
North America
Yuman-Cochimi _Yuman_Yuman Core_River Yuman
Quechan
Pacific
Abinomn
Abinomn
Pacific
Austronesian_Malayo-Polynesian_Eastern Malayo-Polynesian_Oceanic
Gumawana
Pacific
Austronesian_Malayo-Polynesian_Eastern Malayo-Polynesian_Oceanic
Maisin
Pacific
Bulaka
Yelmek
Pacific
Keram_Ulmapo
Ulwa
Pacific
Mor
Mor
Pacific
Papuan Gulf _Strickland_East Strickland
Odoodee
Pacific
Piawi
Haruai
Pacific
Sepik _Nukuma_Kwoma
Washkuk
Pacific
Skou _West Skou_Skou
Skou
Pacific
Solomons East Papuan
Lavukaleve
Pacific
Southeast Papuan _Owen Stanley Ranges_Manubaran
Doromu_Koki
Pacific
Timor-Alor-Pantar _Alor-Pantar_Eastern Alor_East Alor Highlands
Sawila
Pacific
Trans New Guinea _Bomberai
Mbaham
Pacific
Trans New Guinea _Border
Amanab
Pacific
Trans New Guinea _Madang
Maia
Pacific
Trans New Guinea _Madang
Pamosu
Pacific
Trans New Guinea _Morobe-Eastern Highlands
Ampale
Pacific
Trans New Guinea _Morobe-Eastern Highlands
Borong Kosorong
Pacific
Trans New Guinea _Morobe-Eastern Highlands
Menya
Pacific
Trans New Guinea _Morobe-Eastern Highlands
Nahu
Pacific
Trans New Guinea _Morobe-Eastern Highlands
Nukna
Pacific
Trans New Guinea _Ok-Oksapmin
Mian
Pacific
Trans New Guinea _Oro-Wharton
Amam
South America
Arawak
Paresí
South America
Boran_Bora
Bora
South America
Cahuapan
Shawi
South America
Cahuapanan
Jebero
South America
Cariban_Venezuelan_Pemong-Panare
Pemon_Tarepang
South America
Chibchan_Core Chibchan
Ika
South America
Chibchan_Core Chibchan
Kuna
South America
Chocoan_Emberá
Embera_Baudo
South America
Chocoan_Emberá
Epena Pedee
South America
Jivaroan
Wampis
South America
Macro-Je _Je
Apinaye
South America
Macro-Je _Je
Kisedje
South America
Macro-Je _Je
Suyá
South America
Tacanan
Araona
South America
Tucanoan _Central Tucanoan
Tanimuca-Retuarã
South America
Waorani
Waorani
South America
Yanomami
Yanomam
South America
Yanomami
Yanomami

The database has 149 languages with internally-headed relative clauses, and the word order breakdown is:

SOV: 125
SVO: 15
Verb-initial: 6
Object-initial: 3

In the WALS database, combining features 90D (IHRCs) and 81A (order of Subject, Object and Verb), the numbers come to:

SOV: 44
Verb-initial: 3
no dominant order: 2

(https://wals.info/combinations/90D_81A#1/30/155<https://protect-au.mimecast.com/s/7Wu3CE8wmrtlDlRRqTwlVXQ?domain=wals.info>)

-Mark

Kalyan, Siva, and Mark Donohue. 2023. The Dimensions of Morphosyntactic Variation: Whorf, Greenberg and Nichols were right. Linguistic Typology at the Crossroads 3 (2): 132-190. Available online at https://typologyatcrossroads.unibo.it/article/view/17482<https://protect-au.mimecast.com/s/XVElCGv0oyCBMBjj8hpsQ0B?domain=typologyatcrossroads.unibo.it>.



On Sat, 3 Feb 2024 at 02:56, Juergen Bohnemeyer <jb77 at buffalo.edu<mailto:jb77 at buffalo.edu>> wrote:
Dear all – A query on behalf of an advisee, Luis Ulloa: It has been known since at least Keenan (1985)* that internally-headed relative clauses (IHRCs) occur predominantly or exclusively in verb-final languages. We are looking for any additional literature that has probed into this apparent nexus between IHRCs and verb-final basic order. Thanks! – Juergen

(* Thanks to Matthew Dryer for pointing me to Keenan’s chapter. I was sure I had read about the pattern, but couldn’t remember where.)

Keenan, E. L. (1985). Relative clauses. In T. Shopen (ed.), Language typology and syntactic description vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 141-170.


Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)
Professor, Department of Linguistics
University at Buffalo

Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260
Phone: (716) 645 0127
Fax: (716) 645 3825
Email: jb77 at buffalo.edu<mailto:jb77 at buffalo.edu>
Web: http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/<https://protect-au.mimecast.com/s/zFluCD1vlpToVoggxHWbO5c?domain=acsu.buffalo.edu/>

Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh)

There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In
(Leonard Cohen)
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