[Lingtyp] "Hell if I know!" marker

[Pun Ho Lui]

Hi Wesley Kuhron Jones,

I am not sure whether the khuni marker has some taboo connotation—I may be biased by the translation of ‘hell’, but I would like to share a bit.

In Cantonese, the 鬼 gwai ‘ghost’ can indicate negation in a rhetorical question:

鬼       知       咩
ghost  know   Q
‘Hell if I know!’/ ‘I don’t know!'

In my manuscript (under review), I call the ‘ghost’ and other similar items in other languages as "taboo negator”.

Hope it helps!

Warmest,
Pun Ho Lui

> Wesley Kuhron Jones <wesleykuhronjones at gmail.com> 於 2024年2月1日 上午2:26 寫道：
> 
> Hi all,
> 
> Horokoi (Trans-New Guinea, Morobe Province, [gsp]) has two emphatic question markers that I know of so far: kho (currently glossing as 'I.wonder') and khuní (currently glossing as 'hell.if.I.know'). I am trying to figure out what terms to use to describe them.
> 
> Note that khuní appears, from looking at the form, to be derived from kho plus a particle ni which is often used in other contexts for emphasis or contrastive focus.
> 
> In exchange 1, the "I wonder" marker kho is used because speaker B also just noticed and wonders what happened.
> 
> 1A: Nga wo-re?
> where go-3sg.prs
> 'Where did that person go?'
> 
> 1B: Nga wo-re kho?
> where go-3sg.prs I.wonder
> 'Hey yeah, where did they go indeed?'
> (I didn't notice that they were gone until you said 1A, then I looked and also am wondering where they went.)
> 
> In exchange 2, the "hell if I know" marker khuní is used because speaker B seems to already have wondered about this and accepted that they don't know the answer. Then speaker A asks them about it and they respond.
> 
> 2A: Nga wo-re?
> where go-3sg.prs
> 'Where did that person go?'
> 
> 2B: Nga wo-re khuní?
> where go-3sg.prs hell.if.I.know
> 'Yeah man, where *did* they go?'
> (Rhetorical, I have no idea what the answer is.)
> 
> Both of these markers can also be used in questions that are not responses to other questions.
> 
> 3. Neku-kha ihe a-re kho?
> who-foc pig kill-3sg.prs I.wonder
> 'Who killed the pig?'
> (Someone brings me a dead pig, I see it, and I ask this.)
> 
> 4. Neku-kha ihe a-re khuní?
> who-foc pig kill-3sg.prs hell.if.I.know
> 'Who killed the pig?'
> (I know that a pig has been killed, so I go to the place where it is and ask this to the people there.)
> 
> It seems that 1B and 2B are used rhetorically, while 3 and 4 are actually seeking answers from the listener.
> 
> I know of a few particles like denn in German and acaba in Turkish that have some similar functions to these. Please let me know any terminology about these kinds of markers, references, or examples from other languages.
> 
> Thanks in advance!
> Wesley Kuhron Jones
> 
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