[Lingtyp] [Extern] Re: Apprehensive modality

Fri Sep 20 11:43:05 UTC 2024

Dear all,

Thank you to everyone who weighed in and provided me with ideas, 
resources, etc., both publicly and 1:1. This is just one of scores of 
topics that I'm working on writing my sketch grammar, and the situation 
in Dalkalaen is (of course) more complex than I was able to outline in 
my one email, so I'm afraid I won't be able to weigh in with more 
in-depth thoughts, but I'm glad my query was met with some resonance and 
interest in any case.

Warmest,
---
Cat Butz (she)
HHU Düsseldorf
General Linguistics

Am 20/09/2024 06:28, schrieb Harold Koch via Lingtyp:
> Dear all
> 
> I really appreciate the references supplied by Alex on apprehensives.
> 
> This category is well represented in Australian languages.
> 
> A diachronic source of verbal apprehensive markers is discussed in my
> recent presentation to the International Morphological Meeting in
> Vienna.
> 
> See abstract below.
> 
> Harold
> 
> A diachronic pathway from nominal to verbal inflection: Evidence from
> Australian languages
> 
> Harold James Koch
> 
> Australian National University, Canberra, Australia;
> harold.koch at anu.edu.au
> 
> This paper calls attention to a diachronic pathway that results in
> verbal inflections (for mood, aspect, tense, or polarity) being
> cognate with nominal inflections (especially case).  It is illustrated
> with data from Australian languages, whose typological structure
> includes the use of suffixes to mark: case relations on nominals,
> kinds of dependent clause relations on verbs, and TAM values on finite
> verbs. The cross-categorial correspondences described here are
> consequent on morphological reanalyses that follow from a sequence of
> two separate syntactic changes. The first change consists of the
> extension of markers of intra-clausal relations (case suffixes on
> nominals) to signalling inter-clausal relations (with case suffixes
> added to non-finite verbs). This is described in Australianist
> literature as the “complementiser function” of cases (Dench &
> Evans 1988). The combination of markers of non-finiteness and case may
> then be reanalysed as subordinate verbal inflections (e.g. Kaytetye
> -_nge-le _non.finite-locative > -_ngele_ simultaneous.same.subject
> ‘while VERBing’). The second change, insubordination (Evans 2007),
> consists of the use of dependent clauses as main clauses, with the
> reanalysis of subordinate verbal inflections as finite verb
> inflections in independent clauses. Whereas the first kind of change,
> in the form of the extension of adpositions to clausal conjunctions,
> is familiar from European languages (e.g. English _before noon_,
> _before leaving_, _before he left_), the second kind of change,
> insubordination, is a relatively new concept and has been applied more
> to synchronic studies of discourse pragmatics than to diachronic
> change (Evans & Watanabe 2017).
> 
> The Australian cases and their diachronic reflexes described and
> exemplified here include:
> 
>  	* dative > purposive subordination > desiderative/intentive mood (>
> future tense)
> 	* aversive (avoidance) > apprehensive (‘lest’) subordination >
> apprehensive mood (‘might’)
> 	* locative > simultaneous subordination > progressive aspect (>
> present tense)
> 	* ablative > prior subordination > perfect aspect (> past tense)
> 	* privative (‘without’) > negative subordinate (‘not
> VERBing’) > standard negation
> 
> Some of these relations have been previously recognised in Australian
> linguistics (e.g. Blake 1976, Meakins 2016, Koch Forthcoming), and
> their extreme effects in the morphosyntax of Kayardidt have been
> described by Evans (1995) and Round (2013). Here we present a uniform
> account of the diachronic chain of developments and highlight their
> relevance to historical morphology and the etymology of verbal
> inflections.
> 
> References
> 
> Blake, Barry J. 1976. The bivalent suffix -_ku_. In R.M.W. Dixon
> (ed.), _Grammatical categories in Australian languages_. Canberra:
> Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. 421-424.
> 
> Dench, Alan, and Nicholas Evans. 1988. Multiple case marking in
> Australian languages. _Australian Journal of Linguistics _8:1-48.
> 
> Evans, Nicholas. 1995. _A grammar of Kayardild: with
> historical-comparative notes on Tangkic_ (Mouton Grammar Library 15)
> Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
> 
> Evans, Nicholas. 2007. Insubordination and its uses. In Irina
> Nikolaeva (ed.), _Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations_.
> Oxford University Press. 366-431.
> 
> Evans, Nicholas & Honoré Watanabe (eds), 2017. _Insubordination_,
> 393–422. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
> 
> Koch, Harold. Forthcoming. Nominal privative suffixes as a diachronic
> source of verbal negative markers: Evidence from Australian languages.
> In Holly Kennard et al. (eds), _Historical Linguistics 2022_.
> Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
> 
> Meakins, Felicity. 2016. No fixed address: The grammaticalisation of
> the Gurindji locative as a progressive suffix. In Felicity Meakins and
> Carmel O’Shannessy (eds), _Loss and renewal: Australian languages
> since colonisation_. Boston/Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. 367-395.
> 
> Round, Erich R. 2013. _Kayardild morphology and syntax_. Oxford
> University Press.
> 
> Dr Harold Koch
> 
> School of Literatures Languages and Linguistics
> 
> Australian National University
> 
> harold.koch at anu.edu.au
> 
> From: Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org> On Behalf Of
> Alex Francois via Lingtyp
> Sent: Thursday, 19 September 2024 11:26 PM
> To: LingTyp <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> Cc: Hanno Beck <hannobec at buffalo.edu>
> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Apprehensive modality
> 
> Dear all,
> 
> Indeed, the domain of apprehensive (~ apprehensional) modality has
> lately been the object of much research in linguistic typology.
> 
> It is, in particular, the object of an upcoming volume:
> 
> 	* Marine Vuillermet, Eva Schultze-Berndt & Martina Faller (eds) (f/c)
> _A typology of apprehensives_.
> Studies in Diversity Linguistics. Language Science Press.
> 
> Let me put together a few references about apprehensive modality
> (among many).  I've tried to find links for all of them:
> 
>  	* Angelo, Denise & Eva Schultze-Berndt. 2016. Beware bambai – lest
> it be apprehensive. In F. Meakins & C. O’Shannessy (eds.), _Loss and
> Renewal: Australian languages since colonisation_, 255–296. Berlin:
> Mouton de Gruyter. [online [1]]
> 	* Daniel, Michael & Nina Dobrushina (f/c). Apprehensives in East
> Caucasian. In Vuillermet, Schultze-Berndt & Faller (eds).
> 	* Dobrushina, Nina. 2006. Грамматические формы и
> конструкции со значением опасения и
> предостережения [Grammatical forms and constructions
> with the meaning of fear and caution]. _Вопросы
> языкознания_ (Voprosy jazykoznanija) (2). 28–67. [online
> [2]]
> 	* Faller, Martina & Eva Schultze-Berndt. 2018. Introduction to the
> workshop “The semantics and pragmatics of apprehensive markers in a
> cross-linguistic perspective". In _51st Annual Meeting of the Societas
> Linguistica Europaea_. Tallin, Estonia. [abstract [3]]
> 	* François, Alexandre. 2003. _La sémantique du prédicat en mwotlap
> (Vanuatu)_ (Collection Linguistique de La Société de Linguistique de
> Paris, 84). Paris, Louvain: Peeters. [online [4]] (→pp.301-312 [5],
> chapter “L'évitatif”)
> 	* François, Alexandre. (f/c) Explicit apprehensions, implicit
> instructions: An indirect speech act in the grammar. In Vuillermet,
> Schultze-Berndt & Faller (eds). [preprint [6]]
> 	* Lichtenberk, Frantisek. 1995. Apprehensional epistemics. In Joan
> Bybee & Suzanne Fleischmann (eds.), _Modality in Grammar and
> Discourse_ (Typological Studies in Language 32), 293–327. Amsterdam:
> Benjamins. [online [7]]
> 	* Pakendorf, Brigitte & Ewa Schalley. 2007. From possibility to
> prohibition: A rare grammaticalization pathway. _Linguistic Typology_
> 11(3). [online [8]]
> 	* Schultze-Berndt, Eva. 2024. Risking a new classification of
> possibility modals: The role of apprehensives. Presidential address,
> SLE Annual Meeting. Helsinki, Aug 2024. [online [9]]
> 	* Smith-Dennis, Ellen. 2021. Don’t feel obligated, lest it be
> undesirable: the relationship between prohibitives and apprehensives
> in Papapana and beyond. _Linguistic Typology_ 25(3). 413–459.
> [online [10]]
> 	* Vuillermet, Marine. 2017. Questionnaire on apprehensional
> morphology. Laboratoire Dynamique Du Langage, Lyon, France, ms.
> [online [11]].
> 	* Vuillermet, Marine. 2018. Grammatical fear morphemes in Ese Ejja:
> Making the case for a morphosemantic apprehensional domain. _Studies
> in Language_ 42(1). 256–293. [online [12]]
> 	* Vuillermet, Marine, Eva Schultze-Berndt & Martina Faller. (f/c)
> Apprehensional constructions in a cross-linguistic perspective. In
> Vuillermet, Schultze-Berndt & Faller (eds).
> 	* Vuillermet, Marine, Eva Schultze-Berndt & Martina Faller (eds).
> (f/c) _A typology of apprehensives_. Studies in Diversity Linguistics.
> Language Science Press.
> 
> It does seem that the _sa-_ morpheme found by Cat in in Dalkalaen
> could indeed be labelled an apprehensive.
> 
> best
> 
> Alex
> 
> -------------------------
> 
> Alex François
> 
> LaTTiCe [13] — CNRS– [14]ENS [15]–PSL [16]–Sorbonne nouvelle
> [17]
> Australian National University [18]
> 
> Personal homepage [19]
> 
> _________________________________________
> 
> ---------- Forwarded message ---------
> From: Hanno Beck via Lingtyp <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> Date: Thu, 19 Sept 2024 at 14:13
> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Lingtyp Digest, Vol 120, Issue 12
> To: lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> 
> Dear Friends,
> 
> Just a small followup to Christian's remark that maybe /sa-/ could be
> characterized as 'apprehensive.' Scott AnderBois and colleagues (Brown
> University) have recent and current research running on what they call
> "apprehensive modality" -- it is quite interesting and almost
> certainly relevant here.
> 
> In an undergraduate class that I teach, we spent an entire pleasant
> day playing around with the closest equivalent thing in English, which
> seems to be the word "lest."
> 
> Never a dull moment.
> 
> Hanno
> 
> =====================
> 
> Dr. Hanno T. Beck
> 
> Department of Linguistics
> 
> The University at Buffalo
> 
> -------------------------
> 
> ---------- Forwarded message ---------
> 
> From: Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp
> <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> Date: Wed, 18 Sept 2024 at 16:50
> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Please help me label two Dalkalaen (Oceanic)
> TAM markers
> To: <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> 
> Dear Cat,
> 
> given function #d of _ga-_, it seems to be a universal subordinator;
> and this function would include #a - #c. In the interlinear gloss,
> just abbreviate it by SR.
> 
> It seems that you will have to both define a concept and coin a term
> for _sa-_. Something like 'apprehensive' might suit it.
> 
> Best,
> Christian
> 
>> Dear Lingtyp community,
>> 
>> I'm trying to understand the function and relationship of two
>> morphemes in Dalkalaen (Oceanic). I'm not sure they're prefixes, but
>> for now, let's assume they are. They both occupy the same slot in
>> the prefixal template of verbs, namely the outermost one.
>> 
>> 1.: ga-
>> As far as I can tell, this prefix serves four functions:
>> a) specific temporal co-/subordination, e.g. GA-go "when they went
>> (to place x, event y happened)"
>> b) general temporal/conditional co-/subordination, e.g. GA-chirp
>> "when [a kingfisher] chirps (under circumstances x, then that means
>> y)"
>> c) final/purposive subordination, e.g. GA-make "(x got ready) to
>> make (food item y)", ga-GO "(x got up) to go (to the restroom)"
>> d) a kind of general complementation, e.g. we want GA-x "we want
>> that x happens"
>> 
>> 2.: sa-
>> This one never occurs on its own, but always in combination with
>> a) the potential marker (which refers to future possibilities,
>> prospectives, hortatives), in which case the combo seems to refer to
>> an undesirable prospective, e.g. SA-POT-eat "this fire could/will
>> consume me [if I don't get out of here]". This combo is pretty rare.
>> b) the negative potential marker, which in fact can't occur without
>> sa-. This combo refers to warnings and prohibitives, e.g.
>> SA-NEG.POT-fall "(watch out so you) don't fall!", but also to more
>> generally negated future possibilities, e.g. SA-NEG.POT-hurt "we're
>> not going to / don't want to hurt you".
>> 
>> Ga- also often occurs with other TMA markers, including the
>> potential marker, but I haven't been able to identify any kind of
>> transparent pattern as to what exactly those markers contribute in
>> those contexts; they seem to be kind of optional and
>> interchangeable.
>> 
>> So my question is basically: How would you label these two markers?
>> 
>> Please send ANY kind of idea, literature recommendation etc. etc.
>> etc. my way. Thank you, and I hope you have a nice week.
>> 
>> Warmest,
> 
> 
> 
> Links:
> ------
> [1] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297503377
> [2] https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9245205
> [3] 
> https://societaslinguistica.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/SLE-2018-Book-of-abstracts.pdf#page=540
> [4] 
> http://alex.francois.online.fr/AFpub_books_e.htm#:~:text=La%20S%C3%A9mantique%20du%20Pr%C3%A9dicat%20en%20Mwotlap
> [5] 
> https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_Mwotlap-Predicat_2003_SLP.pdf#page=321
> [6] http://alex.francois.online.fr/AFpub_articles_e.htm#fcd
> [7] https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.32.12lic
> [8] 
> https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/LINGTY.2007.032/html?lang=en
> [9] https://www.academia.edu/123332263
> [10] 
> https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/lingty-2020-2070/html?lang=en
> [11] http://tulquest.huma-num.fr/fr/node/135
> [12] https://www.academia.edu/34905046/
> [13] http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/
> [14] https://www.cnrs.fr/en
> [15] 
> https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094
> [16] https://www.psl.eu/en
> [17] 
> http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp
> [18] https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a
> [19] http://alex.francois.online.fr/
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