Borrowings.

[Anthony Grant]

Dave et al:

It could have been borrowed on more than one occasion (we can never know whether M-I had it and lost it).  Pam, I like the ‘expectant’ potential etymon of the Choctaw/Chickasaw form and it makes a lot of sense; after all IE ‘nine’ may be connected with ‘new’.

Bob, is the ‘big’ form in Dhegiha that you mention as coming from Spanish the everyday one?  I ask because Joseph Casagrande pointed out that Comanche borrowed a Spanish word for ‘good’ (and Comanche may have got a ‘bear’ word from Dhegiha).

Anthony

From: Siouan Linguistics [mailto:SIOUAN at listserv.unl.edu] On Behalf Of David Costa
Sent: 10 September 2013 02:44
To: SIOUAN at listserv.unl.edu
Subject: Re: Borrowings.

As I mentioned before, this "shankka" number for "nine" is also around in Algonquian. The word can be reconstructed as Proto-Algonquian *ša·nka, but there are lots of problems: the etymon is completely missing from all of Eastern Algonquian, Miami-Illinois and Blackfoot; the Cree and Menominee forms don't have the proper reflexes for those languages and look like they're all borrowed from Ojibwe; and the Shawnee and Cheyenne forms inexplicably look like they derive from Proto-Algonquian *ča·nka, not *ša·nka. If it's a loan into Algonquian, it was borrowed early on, but after Algonquian had already started to separate out into dialects.

Dave



> I recall John Koontz mentioning some other forms to me – items for ‘cucumber’ from French concombre, and also ttapuska ‘student, teacher’ which is shared by Dhegiha and Pawnee.  I don’t know about ‘hau’ but Comanche ‘aho’ (hello) is supposed to come from Kiowa.

Allan Taylor did a comprehensive "how" count at one point.  I don't think he ever published results though.  'Cucumber' begins with kko the PSI root for 'gourd', so it may be a borrowing or it may be a coincidence again.  'Pig' is definitely from French.

> Shankka also has reflexes in Western Muskogean (Choctaw and Chickasaw)

Maybe.  The word is čákkáàli and -ali is an ending all right.  It is borrowed into Biloxi as čkane I think.

Note the Tutelo and Ofo terms. Tutelo has ḳasą́hka, so it is definitely in the shankka zone.

Ofo kíštatǝška Sw kĭ´ctatạcga — nine; p. 325.  Some words where š is expected turn up with št instead.  So this may contain some variant of shankkasomehow.  The prefix with k mirrors Tutelo to an extent but the sound correspondences aren't quite right.

So this peculiar term for '9' turns up in Chiwere, Dhegiha, Tutelo and maybe Ofo.  There are partial look-alikes in Western Muskogean and Biloxi.  So it's not just around the Great Lakes region in Siouan, but there's no trace in the Northwest of Siouan.

Bob



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