Arabic-L:LING:Hamza

[Dilworth Parkinson]

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Arabic-L: Thu 01 Feb 2007
Moderator: Dilworth Parkinson <dilworth_parkinson at byu.edu>
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-------------------------Directory------------------------------------

1) Subject:Hamza
2) Subject:Hamza
3) Subject:Hamza

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1)
Date: 01 Feb 2007
From:maabdelw at purdue.edu
Subject:Hamza

[on this one the Arabic didn't come through to me, so for sure it  
won't come through to you, but here it is anyway.  dil]

There are rules for the use of Hamza whether supported by alif, on a  
seat, or
independent. As an example, If the sound that precedes hamza is a  
short vowel
dumma,and the following letter is mahmouz maksour, hamza is witten on  
a seat (
ÓõÆá, if the preceding letter is long vowel alif, and the following  
mahmouz
letter is maksour, then hamza is written on a seat )ÓÇÆá. If the mahmouz
letter is with a short fatha, then hamza is independent given that the
preceding letter is a long vowel' alif' ÓÇÁóá. It is  also written  
independent
in the final position given that the preceding letter is a long vowel  
ÓãÇÁ, æÖæÁ
. THese are just some examples

   An example is worth a 100 pages of explanation
MOhammad

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2)
Date: 01 Feb 2007
From:Munther Younes <may2 at cornell.edu>
Subject:Hamza

The following set of rules, which is simpler than the traditional set  
in that it completely does away with the rules of "relative strength"  
of neighboring vowels, accounts for the overwhelming majority of  
hamza spellings. Try it in a piece of ordinary writing and compare it  
to the traditional set.

A. hamza is written on or under alif
	1. under alif if followed by kasra at the beginning of a word
	2. otherwise over alif,
B. except:
	1. it is written as madda before alif and after fatha or no vowel
		 (hamza and alif merge to form madda).
	2. it is written on a yaa' seat before or after kasra or yaa'
	3. it is written on a waaw seat before or after damma or waaw
	4. it is written by itself
		4.1 at the end of a word after a long vowel or sukuun
		4.2. when preceded by alif  and followed by fatha or alif

I use the following further simplified set with my Arabic-as-a- 
foreign-language students for use in their writings. They get the  
correct spelling (according to the standard rules) over 90% of the  
time, which is much higher than the majority of Arabs get on average.

Hamza is written on alif, except,
		1. on a yaa' seat before or after kasra or yaa'
		2. on a waaw seat before or after Damma or waaw
		3. by itself
			3.1 at the end of a word after a long vowel or sukuun
			3.2. before alif or between alif and fatha.

Munther Younes
Cornell University

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3)
Date: 01 Feb 2007
From:"Dr. M. Deeb" <muhammaddeeb at gmail.com>
Subject:Hamza

	With disarming humility, Haruko Sakaedani thanks all those who  
responded to his hamza query.  For a more practical form of thanks,  
he goes further to design a beautifully structured electronic diagram  
with horizontal and vertical axises, showing the vagaries of the  
hamza in Arabic orthography.   Even though there are scholars on this  
list who are more enlightened than I about recent electronic work on  
the diverse disciplines of Arabic, I'd readily admit that the  
Sakaedani hamza diagram is the best Arabic has received to date.  I'm  
certain that my appreciation of our Japanese colleague echoes the  
general feeling of this discussion list.

PS:  I've tried more than once to incorporate the Sakaedani hamza  
design in the statement above, but the copy proves so large for the  
screen that it is partly truncated.  Alternatively, I invite you to  
access the design once more, by simply pressing "shift" and "ctrl",  
and then click:
http://www11.ocn.ne.jp/~harukos/arabic/hamza.gif

*MD

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End of Arabic-L:  01 Feb 2007