LL-L "Phonology" 2005.03.20 (03) [E]

[Lowlands-L]

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L O W L A N D S - L * 20.MAR.2005 (03) * ISSN 189-5582 * LCSN 96-4226
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A=Afrikaans Ap=Appalachian B=Brabantish D=Dutch E=English F=Frisian
L=Limburgish LS=Lowlands Saxon (Low German) N=Northumbrian
S=Scots Sh=Shetlandic V=(West)Flemish Z=Zeelandic (Zeêuws)
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From: Þjóðríkr Þjóðreksson <didimasure at hotmail.com>
Subject:


Aha! Eureka!

The solution to the aand/ande (hand/hands) problem as how I solved it
yesterday morning on the bus (as I had nothing else to do anyway).
I overlooked the fact that hand (sg.) the d sounds like t. That would make
more sense making the lengthening rule of a+n only occur with a+nt. Similar
example is lang: The singular sounds like laank, inflected form is lange.
(the word lang actually set me on the track)
Apparently it's only n+voiceless consonant :) or something like that.

*Ding (thing) sounds like dink, not diink. Only /a/ seems to be affected.

A side-note: hand/aand is not the usual term for "hand" in my dialect. We
rather say "pol", but I don't know where it comes from. The plural is more
frequently used, and it's also most often put in diminutive:
So "pollekes" (hands) is most frequent, polleke (hand) and polle(n) (hands)
are also (quite) often used, but "pol" (hand) can't be heard often :)

Diederik Masure

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From:  R. F. Hahn <sassisch at yahoo.com>
Subject: Phonology

Congratulations, Diederik!  So you, too, do some of your best brain work
riding busses (and walking?), I take it.

I wonder if it's correct to say that a final *voiceless* stop is really the
prerequisite or if *any* post-nasal stop will do, since in Low Franconian,
as in Low Saxon, German, etc., final consonants undergo devoicing by rule.
Hence, you get /ding/ -> [dI.Nk] 'thing' and /hand/ -> [(h)a.nt] 'hand'.
This is the same in Low Saxon (except that h-deletion is not an option).

It's just that this rule applies less restrictively in numerous, if not
most, other varieties of the Low German branch, and it also tends to apply
before liquids (/l/, /r/) and glides (/j/ -> [I], /w/ -> /U/); e.g., North
Saxon ([.] marking half-lenthening, which can also be [:] if longer):

/ding/ -> [dI.Nk] thing
/kring/ -> [krI.Nk] ring, circle
/mang/ -> [ma.Nk] among
/stink-n/ -> ['stI.Nk=N] to stink
/hand/ -> [ha.nt] hand
/land/ -> [la.nt] land, country
/kant/ -> [ka.nt] edge, side
/kun/ -> [kU.n] could
/mund/ -> [mU.nt] mouth
/man/ -> [ma.n] man
/sün/ -> [zY.n] sun
/kin/ -> [kI.n] chin
/kind/ -> [kI.n(t)] child
/find-n/ -> [fI.n:] to find
/find/ -> [fI.n(t)] find!
/siN-n/ -> [zI.N:] to sing
/siN(@)/ -> [zI.N] sing!
/kum(@)/ -> [kU.m] bowl
/tamp at n/ -> ['ta.mp=m] thick rope
/timp/ -> [tI.mp] point, corner
/lam/ -> [la.m] lamb
/kam/ -> [ka.m] comb
/lamp/ -> [la.mp] lamp
/vold/ -> [vo.l(t)] forest, wood(s)
/hult/ -> [hU.lt] wood(s)
/kold/ -> [ko.lt]
/kül(d)/ -> [kY.l(t)] cold, chill
/bült/ -> [bY.lt] heap, stack
/wild/ -> [vil(t)] wild
/wil/ -> [vI.l] will, want(s)
/karn/ -> [ka:n] kernel, nucleus*
/markt/ -> [ma:kt] market*
/kur/ -> [kU.A] dragnet
/barg/ -> [ba:x] mountain, hill*
/hart/ -> [ha:t] heart*
/kejn/ -> [kE.In] no {... noun}
/moj/ -> [mo.I] nice, pleasant
/nej/ -> [nE.I] new
/aj/ -> [?a.I] egg
/naw/ -> [na.U] precise
/daw/ -> [da.U] dew
/blaw/ -> [bla.U] blue
/jow/ -> [jO.U] you (obj.)

* Since these varieties are "non-rhotic," the /-r/ is ("deleted" =) realized
as a vowel, which in conjunction with preceding /a/ results in a fully
lengthened [a:] sound (like long Standard Dutch <aa> and like /ar/ in
Australian and New Zealand English, as in "car" [ka:] and "heart" [ha:t].
This *lengthened short* /a/ clearly contrasts with the true long phoneme
/aa/ in that the latter has "o-coloring;" e.g., /baart/ -> [bQ:At] ~ [bo:At]
'beard', applying elsewhere as well, as in /maan(d)/ -> [mQ:n(t)] ~
[mo:n(t)] 'moon', 'month' (as opposed to /kant/ -> [ka.nt] 'edge', 'side',
for instance), and /kaam/ -> [kQ:m] ~ [ko:m] '(I) come' (as opposed to
/kam/ -> [ka.m] 'comb').

In a small number of words, the /r/ has dispeared between a preceding vowel
and a following consonant in some dialects, and in these cases the vowel is
not lengthened; e.g.:

/svart/ -> [sva:t] > /svat/ -> [svat] black
/kort/ -> [kO.At] > /kot/ -> [kOt] short
/hart/ -> [ha:t] > /hat/ [hat] heart

By the way, this sort of lengthening of short vowels before sonorants
applies also in Missingsch (i.e., German with Low Saxon substrates) and in
extension to "typical" Northern German that approaches Standard German more
closely.  It is one of the key ingredients of the sound of Northern German.
In the cases of /n/ and /m/, the preceding vowel tends to be fairly strongly
nasalized, both in Low Saxon and the said German dialects, this being
another key ingredient of "the sound."

Regards,
Reinhard/Ron

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