LL-L "Etymology" 2005.09.10 (04) [E]
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Sun Sep 11 00:57:39 UTC 2005
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A=Afrikaans Ap=Appalachian B=Brabantish D=Dutch E=English F=Frisian
L=Limburgish LS=Lowlands Saxon (Low German) N=Northumbrian
S=Scots Sh=Shetlandic V=(West)Flemish Z=Zeelandic (Zeêuws)
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From: denis dujardin <dujardin at pandora.be>
Subject: LL-L "Lexicon" 2005.09.10 (02) [D/E]
In Westflemish "helegans" is currently used on a daily base. It is
definitely not a word from the past.
Denis Dujardin
Kortrijk
Westflanders
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From: Niels Winther <nielswinther at gmail.com>
Subject: LL-L "Lexicon"
Re: _upbören_
Middle Saxon _upboren_ had apart from the meaning of raising/lifting also
the meaning of receiving (or being entitled to receive) an amount most often
on a regular basis, contractual or legal. In this special meaning also the
nouns _upborer_, _upboringe_ and adjective _upborliken_.
With this meaning _upboren_ appears in Danish as:
inf. _oppebære_
præs. _oppebærer_
præt. _oppebar_
perf. _oppebåret_
adj. _oppebåren_
Corresponding nouns _oppebæring_, _oppebørsel_ exist but are very seldom
used.
The usage is very formal - "kanselarijstijl".
Cheers
Niels
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From: Heiko Evermann <heiko.evermann at gmx.de>
Subject: ganz vs. heel
Hi Ron,
do you know sprachatlas.de? Between 1876 and 1887, Georg Wenker sent some
40.000 questionaires to all schools in the German Reich asking about the
local dialects. The local school had to translate about 40 sentences into
the
local dialect. Later only some parts of the data were published, but just
recently the whole list of maps was published on the Internet.
Today I had the idea to check, whether the sentences contained "ganz" and
indeed: Sentence #6 "Das Feuer war zu stark/heiß, die Kuchen sind ja unten
ganz schwarz gebrannt." contains the word I was looking for.
You can navigate through the image on
http://137.248.81.135/diwa/ECW.asp?ID1=277
It shows the dialect distribution between heel and ganz. The result is a bit
strange.
* Most of the places used "ganz".
* North Sleswig usually uses "heel"
* heel pops up occasionally all over Schleswig-Holstein
* heel is dominant around Emden and in two small areas near the Dutch border
* heel is used occasionally in the westen part of Lower Saxony and in
Mecklenburg.
So "ganz" was the first choice almost all over the country, but "heel" is
known in so many areas that it must also be an original Low Saxon word.
Kind regards,
Heiko Evermann
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From: R. F. Hahn <sassisch at yahoo.com>
Subject: Etymology
Thanks a lot for the interesting info, guys.
According to the _Herkunftsduden_, _ganz_ 'whole', 'total', 'quite', etc.,
is specifically "High German" by origin and came to be exported to the
North, implication being that this includes Low Franconian (_gans(ch)_), Low
Saxon and Scandinavian (_ganske_, _ganska_). In Middle Saxon it occurs as
_ganz_ and _gans_ (as I had mentioned earlier). I assume it reached
Scandinavian via Middle Saxon. All this is as I had assumed. It *is* a
German loan, but an old one.
(By the way, Old German, too, used _heil_ as one of its words for 'whole',
nowadays meaning 'intact', 'healthy'.)
Thanks for the interesting resource tip, Heiko. (I did now the atlas but
not this online version.)
The data don't seem all that surprising to me. I suspect that occurrence of
_heel_ outside the Dutch- and Frisian-influenced areas are in great part due
to either/both sporadic conservatism and Netherlandic importations or
reinforcement, perhaps also Danish influences. Bear in mind that both
Schleswig-Holstein (former Northern Albingia, the Saxon heartland) and the
Eastern regions received a lot of immigration from what are now the
Netherlands, Belgium and Northern France, in addition to immigration from
other parts of Northern Germany and from what nowadays is Denmark.
Furthermore, the region was occasionally under Danish rule. (Danish, Jutish
and other North Germanic languages have words of the _heel_ category for
'whole', 'total', etc.) Also remember that that area in particular is the
one from which Saxons, Angels and Jutes emigrated to Britain, which left
large tracts of land unpopulated or underpopulated, thus attracting
immigration over a long period of time. In addition to all of this, bear in
mind that the North Sea coast of the region came to be settled by at least
two waves of Frisians. (Old Frisian has both _hêl_ and _gans_!)
Linguistic hotchpotches in what used to be Northern Albingia and formerly
predominantly Slavonic-dominated regions are quite consistent with known
migration patterns.
The origin of Old German _ganzo_ ~ _ganz_ and its spawn is supposedly
shrouded in mystery. I have a wild hypothesis proposal. I wonder if it is
in some way related with the word _Hanse_ (= Hanseatic League) which goes
back to Germanic *_hansô-_ 'horde', 'swarm', 'host', 'unit', 'allegiance'
(cf., e.g., Old English _hôs_, Gothic, Old German, Old Saxon _hansa_). If
this holds any water at all, it could have even been contracted from
*_gi-hans-_.
(Talking about _gi-_ > _ge-_, here's another thought, crossover to
"Lexicon," for you, Heiko: the Low Saxon noun _geheyl_ (<Geheel>, neuter),
like Low Franconian _geheel_, means something like "wholeness" = 'totality',
'total' (e.g., _in 't geheyl_ 'all in all', 'in total'). I wonder if you
can use this for your current project.)
Thanks for your info about Danish _oppebære_, Niels. I have the feeling
that it is related to Modern German _aufbürden_ (_Bürde_ 'burden',
apparently related to 'to bear').
Danish data are very useful and ought to be utilized more often, since they
tend to shed additional light on Middle Saxon expressions that made their
way northward.
Regards,
Reinhard/Ron
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From: Luc Hellinckx <luc.hellinckx at gmail.com>
Subject: LL-L "Etymology"
Beste Ron,
You wrote:
>The same seems to be applying to the following emphatic (superlative?)
>phrases:
>ganss un gaar (<ganz un gaar>)
>heyl un deyl (<heel un deel>)
>The first is analogous to German _ganz und gar_. Old Saxon, _gâr_ has two
>meanings: (1) 'whole', 'complete', (2) '(fully) cooked', of which only the
>second survives.
>_Deyl_ (<Deel>) means 'deal', 'part'. I wonder if in the said phrase it is
>used only for the sake of rhyme or if the phrase has been derived from
>something like _(de(n)) heyle(n) deyl_ '(the) whole deal' = 'all of it' >
>'altogether' (cf. English "the whole deal").
We don't have the phrase "heel en deel", but we do say something in
Brabantish like "ne giëlen diël", meaning "a whole lot".
Some emphatic phrases are:
"op en top" (< op ende op, thoroughly)
"op nen duit" (< op ende uit, "'t És zö vàder op nen doët" = "he's the
spitting image of his father")
"rommendom" (< rond ende om, "Iëne roemmedoem loeëpen" = "to overrun
somebody"...litterally)
"ringrond" ("'t És rinkrond afgezét mé drààd" = "It's been fenced around
with (barbed) wire", could be said of grassland)
Kind greetings,
Luc Hellinckx
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