More from Ruby & Brown re CJ knowledge of NW people

[David Robertson]

*page 108:  'The Klickitats are credited with trading "civilized" clothing
to the five-band, 200-soul Upper Umpquas in the area of the south fork of
the Umpqua River, teaching them words of the Chinook Jargon.'
[Klikitats: Sahaptin?; Umpquas: Athapaskan?]

*page 131:  'Because of the many language differences among the tribes and
bewcause of the white men's difficulties in mastering their tongues,
[Washington territorial governor Isaac] Stevens, like traders and
missionaries before him, employed the Chinook jargon at his councils.  By
now [1850's] in the areas where white men had settled, most Pacific
Northwest Indians had learned to communicate with them in the jargon.
Swinomish informants stated that the Indian who interpreted at the Point
Elliott Treaty Council at present-day Mukilteo, Washington, was the first
one in their area to learn the jargon.  Stevens's words were translated
into that lingua franca, which was poorly suited to treaty negotiations,
and were reinterpreted in the various tribal tongues.'

*page 152, footnote:  '[P]rominent citizen of Seattle, the Reverend David
E. Blaine, ...observed that Indians who spoke the Chinook jargon were the
most "immoral" of their race because of their association with white men
and that the country would have been a good place in which to live if the
Indians and the alcohol were removed -- a case of throwing out the Indians
with the firewater.'
[TEnEs hihi.]

*page 232:  'General Howard was encouraged by the progress that Indian
children onthe Grand Ronde were making in speaking English, although
during his visit they passed his words on to their parents in the Chinook
jargon.  [This in the 1870s.]  The Peace Policy had worked no magic in
eliminating the babel of tongues on the reservations.  On the Skokomish
[Twana Salish] reservation, the Sunday School, in the words of its Peace
Policy missionary, the Reverend Myron Eells, began with:  "Four songs in
the Chinook jargon; then three in English, accompanied by an organ and
violin.  The prayer was in Nisqually [Salish], and the lesson was read by
all in English...."  Sometimes the Indians of the region united popular
hymn tunes with erotic and bacchanalian ditties taught them by white men
whose ideas of propriety were hardly those of the missionaries.'
[A.  More about the strength of CJ at Oregon Indian schools.]
[B.  No wonder Eells had so little success.]
[C.  Conversely, some of the CJ hymns are set to popular tunes!]

*page 246:  'On October 1, across a landscape whitened by recent snow, the
Nez Perces saw a truce flag flying from the soldier camp.  Later they
heard a voice calling out in the Chinook jargon that Miles wished to talk
with [Chief] Joseph...The Nez Perces sent Tom Hill, their interpreter, to
talk with [Colonel Nelson A.] Miles.'

Good day,
Dave




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