[Corpora-List] registering conceptual and phraseological prototypes

[David Wible]

"Indeed, our pure sensory concepts are not based on images of objects,
but on schemata.  For the concept of a triangle in general, no image
could ever be adequate.  It would never attain the generality of the
concept, which applies to all triangles...
The concept Dog signifies a rule according to which my imagination
can construct the figure of a four-footed animal in general, without
being restricted to any particular image supplied by experience or to
any possible image I may draw _in concreto_.  (A:141, B:180)"

I don't quite catch what 'pure sensory concepts' could be. I'm sure I'm
missing something here, but it sounds close to an oxymoron. That aside, if
the notion of schema is to dissolve or avoid the problem that 'no image
could ever be adequate' to capturing all cases/instances of triangles, then
I'm not sure schema can do better as long as schema are tethered to 'rules'
for matching schema to specific cases. Seems to me both (schema and images)
under such a construal run afoul of Wittgenstein's critique of rule
following and the infinite regress entailed.


On Sat, Jul 5, 2014 at 2:11 AM, John F Sowa <sowa at bestweb.net> wrote:

> On 7/3/2014 7:10 AM, Patrick Hanks wrote:
>
>> The hypothesis I wish to propose is this:
>>
>> Humans are hard-wired to notice and register comparatively novel or
>> unusual events (including their first -- potentially prototypical --
>> exposure to an unfamiliar word or phrase) and to store stereotypical
>> repetitions of familiar events (such as ordinary everyday usage) deep
>> in the subconscious, not easily accessible for conscious recall.
>>
>
> A closely related term is 'schema'.  The following definition is based
> on its use in logic from Aristotle to the present:
>
> From http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schema/
>
>> A schema (plural: schemata, or schemas), also known as a scheme
>> (plural: schemes), is a linguistic template or pattern together with
>> a rule for using it to specify a potentially infinite multitude of
>> phrases, sentences, or arguments, which are called instances of the
>> schema.
>>
>
> Kant (1787) had a strong influence on all branches of cognitive science:
>
>> Indeed, our pure sensory concepts are not based on images of objects,
>> but on schemata.  For the concept of a triangle in general, no image
>> could ever be adequate.  It would never attain the generality of the
>> concept, which applies to all triangles...
>> The concept Dog signifies a rule according to which my imagination
>> can construct the figure of a four-footed animal in general, without
>> being restricted to any particular image supplied by experience or to
>> any possible image I may draw _in concreto_.  (A:141, B:180)
>>
>
> Otto Selz was a psychologist who was strongly influenced by Kant.
> As a replacement for the loose associationist theories, Selz proposed
> _schematic anticipation_ as a pattern-directed method for guiding
> search toward a goal represented by a schema.  Adriaan de Groot applied
> Selz's methods to the analysis of chess playing.  Herb Simon invited
> de Groot to CMU, where he had a strong influence on AI research.
> (Google the word 'schema' and the names Selz, de Groot, Simon...)
>
> Bartlett (1932) influenced Neisser (1967), Minsky (1974)...
>
>> A schema is ... an active organization of past reactions, or of past
>> experiences, which must always be supposed to be operating in any
>> well-adapted organic response.
>>
>
> Piaget (1970)
>
>> Whatever is repeatable and generalizable in an action is what I
>> have called a schema.
>>
>
> Rumelhart, see http://biolawgy.wordpress.com/
> 2010/02/11/rumelhart-d-e-1980-schemata-the-building-blocks-
> of-cognition-in-r-j-spiro-etal-eds-theoretical-issues-
> in-reading-comprehension-hillsdale-nj-lawrence-erlbaum/
>
>> Schemata are the building blocks of cognition. They are the fundamental
>> elements upon which all information processing depends. Schemata are
>> employed in the process of interpreting sensory data (both linguistic
>> and non-linguistic), in retrieving information from memory, in
>> organizing actions, in determining goals and sub-goals, in allocating
>> resources, and, generally, in guiding the flow of processing in the
>> system.
>>
>
> John
>
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