[Edling] blog post: "The Cost of Language Juggling"

Tue May 19 09:22:33 UTC 2026

Hi friends,

I thought I would share this nice (and short!) piece from Ingrid Piller’s “Language on the Move” blog<https://www.languageonthemove.com/blogpage/> (worth subscribing!) that helps explain why support for multilingual and multidialectal students is so important. It also helps highlight the cognitive skills one develops when using an additional language. I think I might use in future faculty development 😊

Enjoy!
-Shawna

Shawna Shapiro, PhD
Professor of Writing and Linguistics
Middlebury College- Munroe 119
Email: sshapiro at middlebury.edu<mailto:sshapiro at middlebury.edu> Cell: 206.919.6060
Websites: https://sites.middlebury.edu/shapiro/ // https://clacollective.org/
Latest book: Cultivating Critical Language Awareness in the Writing Classroom<https://www.routledge.com/Cultivating-Critical-Language-Awareness-in-the-Writing-Classroom/Shapiro/p/book/9780367767402>

From: Language on the Move <donotreply at wordpress.com>
Sent: Tuesday, May 19, 2026 5:12 AM
To: Shapiro, Shawna <sshapiro at middlebury.edu>
Subject: The cost of language juggling

*** Adolfo M. García, Agustina Birba, Edinson Muñoz, Isabelle Chou *** How interpreting drains the bilingual mind Simultaneous interpreting is often described as one of the most cognitively demanding language activities humans perform. Interprete…
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Language on the Move<https://languageonthemove.com/>
Read on blog<https://languageonthemove.com/the-cost-of-language-juggling/> or Reader<https://public-api.wordpress.com/bar/?stat=groovemails-events&bin=wpcom_email_click&redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordpress.com%2Freader%2Fblogs%2F11150173%2Fposts%2F26841&sr=1&signature=d0639f1d5342b2850c7b5f26e5773fcb&user=44086424&_e=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&_z=z>
The cost of language juggling<https://public-api.wordpress.com/bar/?stat=groovemails-events&bin=wpcom_email_click&redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Flanguageonthemove.com%2Fthe-cost-of-language-juggling%2F&sr=0&signature=491f284464006e1223a467e99c9c6e1a&blog_id=11150173&user=44086424&_e=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&_z=z>

By Language on the Move on May 19, 2026
[Image removed by sender. featured image]

***
Adolfo M. García, Agustina Birba, Edinson Muñoz, Isabelle Chou
***

How interpreting drains the bilingual mind

Simultaneous interpreting is often described as one of the most cognitively demanding language activities humans perform. Interpreters must listen to a rapidly unfolding speech in one language while almost instantly reformulating it in another—accurately, fluently, and without the luxury of pauses. This constant overlap of listening, remembering, and speaking places extraordinary demands on the brain.

A new study on Chinese–English bilinguals helps clarify what this pressure means in cognitive terms. The findings suggest that even a brief session of simultaneous interpreting can temporarily drain working memory, a core mental resource, reducing the brain’s ability to benefit from immediate practice.

Working memory, working hard

Working memory is the brain’s mental “scratchpad.” It allows us to briefly hold information in mind, manipulate it, and integrate it with other inputs. You rely on it when remembering a phone number long enough to dial it, following multi-step instructions, or holding the beginning of a sentence in mind while reading the end.

For interpreters, working memory is indispensable. They must comprehend incoming words, track meaning, reorganize syntax, and produce speech—all while more input keeps arriving. The system is under constant pressure.

The long-standing assumption in interpreting research has been that this intense mental juggling taxes working memory heavily. Yet most evidence so far has been indirect, based on brain imaging, pupil dilation, or comparisons between trained interpreters and non-interpreters. What has been missing is a clear causal test: does interpreting itself immediately affect working memory performance?

Putting the question to the test

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[Image removed by sender.]<https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=563b4ca2281356ea0e359401a23e716cdff9a32f298f93a40f5ad420ee94e4a7&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=7e58771feebd11400c3cdd1693858731&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY2FtYnJpZGdlLm9yZy9jb3JlL2pvdXJuYWxzL2JpbGluZ3VhbGlzbS1sYW5ndWFnZS1hbmQtY29nbml0aW9uL2FydGljbGUvd29ya2luZy1tZW1vcnktZXhlcnRpb24tYWZ0ZXItc2ltdWx0YW5lb3VzLWludGVycHJldGluZy1pbi1iaWxpbmd1YWxzLzU4QTlGOTQ2MERBRkQ4Q0Y1RUMxQTU1QzExMjNGMzM1&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d>The research design (Image credit: Chou et al., 2026)

To answer this, we recruited 50 Chinese–English bilinguals enrolled in a master’s program in translation and interpreting. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group spent ten minutes performing simultaneous interpreting from Chinese (their first language) into English. The other group completed a control task: listening to the same speech and answering comprehension questions afterward. Crucially, everyone completed a series of cognitive tests both before and immediately after the task, namely:
·       A working memory task that measured how well participants could remember and integrate visual information.
·       A classic Stroop task to assess inhibitory control.
·       Verbal fluency tasks to measure how easily people could retrieve words.

Because the working memory test was non-verbal, it avoided confounding language proficiency with memory performance. And because it was administered right before and right after the interpreting or listening task, the researchers could isolate the immediate effects of cognitive exertion.

The key finding: interpreting blocks learning gains

Here is where things get interesting. Participants in the control group—those who only listened and answered questions—showed a clear improvement in working memory accuracy the second time they took the test. This is a well-known practice effect: people often get better simply by repeating a task.

Conversely, the interpreting group did not show this improvement. After interpreting, their working memory performance stayed flat. They did not get worse—but they also did not benefit from practice. In other words, simultaneous interpreting seemed to block the normal learning-related boost that appeared in the control group.

Importantly, this effect emerged only in the most demanding version of the working memory task—the one that required integrating multiple features at once. A simpler memory condition showed no such difference. This pattern suggests that interpreting does not drain working memory across the board. Instead, it selectively interferes with high-load, integration-heavy processes—the very kind that interpreters rely on most.

What about other cognitive skills?

[Image removed by sender.]<https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=563b4ca2281356ea0e359401a23e716cdff9a32f298f93a40f5ad420ee94e4a7&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=7e58771feebd11400c3cdd1693858731&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY2FtYnJpZGdlLm9yZy9jb3JlL2pvdXJuYWxzL2JpbGluZ3VhbGlzbS1sYW5ndWFnZS1hbmQtY29nbml0aW9uL2FydGljbGUvd29ya2luZy1tZW1vcnktZXhlcnRpb24tYWZ0ZXItc2ltdWx0YW5lb3VzLWludGVycHJldGluZy1pbi1iaWxpbmd1YWxzLzU4QTlGOTQ2MERBRkQ4Q0Y1RUMxQTU1QzExMjNGMzM1&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d>The results (Image credit: Chou et al., 2026)

If interpreting is so demanding, does it also affect other executive functions, like inhibition or verbal fluency? In the present study, it did not. Performance on the Stroop task and the fluency tests improved slightly from pre- to post-task in both groups, regardless of whether participants had interpreted or just listened. There were no interpreting-specific costs.

This selectivity matters. It shows that simultaneous interpreting does not simply “wear out” the brain in a general way. Instead, it targets specific cognitive systems—particularly working memory mechanisms involved in binding and integration.

Implications understanding interpreting and cognition at large

These findings help reconcile two seemingly contradictory ideas about interpreting. On the one hand, experienced interpreters often show long-term advantages in working memory compared to other bilinguals. On the other hand, interpreting feels exhausting, and professionals are advised not to interpret for more than 20–30 minutes at a time. The new results are compatible with both observations.

In the short term, interpreting can temporarily deplete working memory resources, preventing immediate gains from practice. Over the long term, however, repeated exposure to this intense demand may strengthen the system, much like strenuous exercise builds muscle—after recovery. This “use it, drain it, then build it” dynamic offers a more nuanced picture of how cognitive skills adapt to extreme language use.

The study also speaks to a broader issue in psychology: how mental effort affects learning. Cognitive exertion paradigms—where performance is measured before and after a demanding task—have been used to study self-control, emotion regulation, and learning. Applying this approach to bilingual language use shows how specific real-world activities can selectively tax particular mental systems. In this case, interpreting didn’t cause a dramatic drop in performance. Instead, it quietly erased a benefit that others enjoyed. That subtlety may explain why cognitive fatigue is so easy to underestimate—and so hard to measure without careful experimental design.

Further questions and a takeaway

Several questions remain unanswered. Would longer interpreting sessions produce stronger or longer-lasting effects? Do professional interpreters show faster recovery? Can targeted training or breaks reduce working memory depletion? Answering these questions could have practical implications for interpreter training, scheduling, and well-being. More broadly, they could help us understand how the brain copes with extreme multitasking in everyday life.

Overall, the takeaway is clear: simultaneous interpreting places a unique and immediate strain on working memory. Even when performance does not visibly collapse, the cognitive system is working at full stretch—sometimes too stretched to learn in the moment. That invisible cost may be the price of making communication flow seamlessly across languages.

Reference

Chou, I., Birba, A., Hu, J., Muñoz, E., Kwon, G., & García, A. M. (2026). Working memory exertion after simultaneous interpreting in bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728925100898<https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=1cfd44c5237f7b0782abdfaefe599fd213c8b544070d1c5d3360363bfb551999&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=bb03972fb4112b796aec492109e47975&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2kub3JnLzEwLjEwMTcvUzEzNjY3Mjg5MjUxMDA4OTg&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d>

Author bios

Dr. Adolfo M. García. Adolfo García<https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=ec470cb0da4d1c9a12e60bec7bf78c9c7df1a23a9701ac3f05f99c2bfd4ccfa5&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=d27080485ba54706a946b4493231c1d9&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5hZG9sZm9nYXJjaWEuY29tLmFyLw=&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d> is Director of the Cognitive Neuroscience Center<https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=525bb7b6f44d5f360a0202c0957fd2c4daebe6932be443d0fdd7bb677c2ebd1b&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=f8712a3c6fc9229f7e9782ce00f0b79a&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly91ZGVzYS5lZHUuYXIvY25j&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d> (UdeSA, Argentina), Senior Fellow at the Global Brain Health Institute<https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=d2f94b1525d47768fa65d2a4d48870f962cc9430cc23005b56f0001f73f627b8&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=3cfddef9ed4df7b9cfa28cac9a725825&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ2JoaS5vcmcvcHJvZmlsZXMvYWRvbGZvLWdhcmNpYQ=&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d> (UCSF, US), and Associate Researcher at Universidad de Santiago de Chile<https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=b8984a37a0865db7729f73ddd6175d79a0b8a072b86126828177475c6758d8c4&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=5b9a2f995101dfbbe3b4c28cffb8f615&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudXNhY2guY2wv&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d>. He is also co-founder of Include<https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=f39a5b218aca28ff50f92e5514589194b0a5813109c49fb5623ba988022b0f8b&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=4b5cede0c85449520dc1b36f4fcf3cd8&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly9pbmNsdWRlLW5ldHdvcmsuY29tLw=&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d>, a global network for crosslinguistic research on brain health; and creator of TELL<https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=512eef50e432b1b15472a6fbc43d49f044a2b48d6af91d323d10d0fffe59b852&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=4702a69841dd981c14d326c139f95ebd&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly90ZWxsYXBwLm9yZy8&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d>, a speech testing app. He has obtained funds from the National Institutes of Health (US), the Alzheimer’s Association, and the Swiss National Science Foundation. He has authored over 200 publications<https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=c3c7c91003b00aadd4a19b72de0af1d661693993829bc7d2efc50ae8968f016b&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=dafef80c6a70520a581e79ba48ac9eee&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY29uaWNldC5nb3YuYXIvbmV3X3NjcC9kZXRhbGxlLnBocD9pZD0zMzg0MiZrZXl3b3Jkcz1hZG9sZm8rZ2FyYyVDMyVBRGErYmlsaW5nJUMzJUJDaXNtbyZkYXRvc19hY2FkZW1pY29zPXllcw=&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d> and offered 350 presentations. His science communication milestones include two TED talks and featured articles in Scientific American and Le Monde. His contributions have been recognized by the Legislature of the City of Buenos Aires and the Alzheimer’s Association, and by Harvard’s Ig Nobel award, the Early Career Award from the Society for the Neurobiology of Language, and the UpLink Top Innovator Award from the World Economic Forum.

Dr. Agustina Birba. Agustina Birba is a cognitive neuroscientist specialized in neurolinguistics, neuroimaging, and non-invasive brain stimulation. She obtained her PhD from the University of Buenos Aires and completed postdoctoral training through multiple competitive international fellowships and grants across institutions in Chile, Spain, the United States, Switzerland, and China. Her research investigates the neurocognitive, neurophysiological, and neuroanatomical bases of language and social cognition in both healthy individuals and clinical populations with neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. She teaches across undergraduate and graduate programs in Argentina, Colombia, and Spain, and has authored over 50 publications in leading journals.

Prof. Edinson Muñoz. Edinson Muñoz is Director of the Interdisciplinary Experimental Research Program in Communication and Cognition and of the Department of Linguistics and Literature, both at the School of Humanities of Universidad de Santiago de Chile. His work focuses on cognitive linguistics, contrastive linguistics, psycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics, with an emphasis on bilingualism and language assessment in neurodegenerative conditions. His multiple papers have appeared in journals like Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, Perspectives, International Journal of Bilingualism, and Neurobiology of Aging.

Dr. Isabelle Chou. Isabelle CHOU joined the College of Foreign Languages and Cultures (Sichuan University, China) as is Research Professor in 2025. From 2021 to 2025 she worked as Dean of the Translation Department at University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. Her research interests center on empirical and experimental studies focuses on cognitive process in translation and interpreting, translation process/product interface, corpus-based translation and interpreting studies. Her research can be found in numerous journals, including Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, Target, Lingua, and Humanities and Social Sciences Communications.

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