Study of obscure Amazon tribe sheds new light on how language affects perception (fwd)

[Matthew Ward]

No doubt, languages reflects the world view of the cultures that use
them.  However, all languages must also function as practical means of
communication and survival--and all languages do in fact serve very well
in this way, in the context of the culture that the language is found
in.  As cultures change, languages change with them, and although some
things are always lost, the fact remains that all languages represent a
treasure trove of shared cultural history--of not only the present, but
the past as well.

What a lot of people fail to grasp is the amazing adaptability of the
human language.  As I said before, it's not difficult for me to believe
that some cultures have little need to do extensive counting, and that
their languages reflect this.  What I DON'T believe is that these people
are imprisoned by their languages--that their languages, as the article
states lack the "right" linguistic resources.  Those resources can and
will be developed as needed, even if it involves linguistic borrowing,
which is a perfectly natural and legitimate form of language evolution.

The deficit view, which depends partially on denying the adaptive
quality of human language, and which is refuted by the vast majority of
research on language, in my experience is one of the biggest enemies of
language preservation.  "They are all right in the bush, but you can't
possibly expect them to deal with the modern world."  Nonsense, I say.
 If the Israelis can take Hebrew from being a nearly dead ceremonial
language to the lingua franca of a fairly high-tech society, any
language community can do the same.  There is no such thing as a
"primitive" language, no matter how dearly some people seem determined
to discover one.

Myra Shawaway wrote:

>Interesting?  the idea of having an exacting concept to numbers and time in
>a scientific sense, has created difficulties in preservation of our
>languages.  As I work with our speakers of languages, I believe that the
>concept of numbers is a seen thing, or sense of duty to cultural
>environment,  as is the sense of time when spoken about in past events that
>have occured.  As our oral traditions are diminishing, so is the ability to
>grasp the skills needed for passing on our languages.  We are moving from a
>natural way of understanding needs and environment, to enjoying the comforts
>of science and the outcomes.
>
>----- Original Message -----
>From: "Matthew Ward" <mward at LUNA.CC.NM.US>
>To: <ILAT at LISTSERV.ARIZONA.EDU>
>Sent: Friday, August 20, 2004 7:02 AM
>Subject: Re: Study of obscure Amazon tribe sheds new light on how language
>affects perception (fwd)
>
>
>
>
>>I particularly like this sentence:
>>
>>"What these experiments show, according to Gordon, is how having the
>>right linguistic resources can carve out one's reality."
>>
>>The "right" lingustic resources, eh?  I suppose that this study is seen as
>>
>>
>evidence that some people just don't have the right stuff--gotta get those
>Portuguese-speakers in there to right the situation.
>
>
>>I'm curious to see if, in 20 years, we are going to read an article
>>
>>
>showing that the claims made about this tribe are about as accurate as
>Whorf's claim that Hopi had no words for time...
>
>
>>
>>phil cash cash wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>>>Public release date: 19-Aug-2004
>>>http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-08/tccu-soo081804.php
>>>
>>>Contact: Diane Dobry
>>>dd173 at columbia.edu
>>>212-678-3979
>>>Teachers College, Columbia University
>>>
>>>Study of obscure Amazon tribe sheds new light on how language affects
>>>perception
>>>
>>>Controversial linguistic hypothesis is supported by Teachers College
>>>(Columbia University) professor's observation of tribe whose language
>>>contains no words for numbers beyond 'one,' 'two' and 'many.'
>>>During the late 1930s, amateur linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf posed the
>>>theory that language can determine the nature and content of thought.
>>>But are there concepts in one culture that people of another culture
>>>simply cannot understand because their language has no words for it?
>>>
>>>No one has ever definitively answered that question, but new findings by
>>>Dr. Peter Gordon, a bio-behavioral scientist at Teachers College,
>>>Columbia University, strongly support a "yes" answer. Gordon has spent
>>>the past several years studying the Pirahã, an isolated Amazon tribe of
>>>fewer than 200 people, whose language contains no words for numbers
>>>beyond "one," "two" and "many." Even the Piraha word for "one" appears
>>>to refer to "roughly one" or a small quantity, as opposed to the exact
>>>connotation of singleness in other languages.
>>>
>>>What these experiments show, according to Gordon, is how having the
>>>right linguistic resources can carve out one's reality. "Whorf says
>>>that language divides the world into different categories," Gordon
>>>said. "Whether one language chooses to distinguish one thing versus
>>>another affects how an individual perceives reality."
>>>
>>>When given numerical tasks by Gordon in which they were asked to match
>>>small sets of objects in varying configurations, adult members of the
>>>tribe responded accurately with up to two or three items, but their
>>>performance declined when challenged with eight to 10 items, and
>>>dropped to zero with larger sets of objects. The only exception to this
>>>performance was with tasks involving unevenly spaced objects. Here, the
>>>performance of participants deteriorated as the number of items
>>>increased to 6 items. Yet for sets of 7 to 10 objects, performance was
>>>near perfect. Though these tasks were designed to be more difficult,
>>>Gordon hypothesizes that the uneven spacing allowed subjects to
>>>perceive the items as smaller "chunks" of 2 or 3 items that they could
>>>then match to corresponding groups.
>>>
>>>According to the study, performance by the Piraha was poor for set sizes
>>>above 2 or 3, but it was not random. "Pirahã participants were actually
>>>trying very hard to get the answers correct, and they clearly
>>>understood the tasks," Gordon said. Participants showed evidence of
>>>using methods of estimation and chunking to guess at quantities in
>>>larger set sizes. On average, they performed about as well as college
>>>students engaged in more complex numerical estimation tasks. Their
>>>skill levels were similar to those in pre-linguistic infants, monkeys,
>>>birds and rodents, and appeared to correlate to recent brain imaging
>>>studies indicating a different sort of numerical competence that seems
>>>to be immune to numerical language deprivation. Interestingly, Gordon
>>>noted, while Pirahã adults had difficulty learning larger numbers,
>>>Piraha children did not.
>>>
>>>While the Pirahã words for "one" and "two" do not necessarily always
>>>refer to those specific amounts, Gordon also found that members of the
>>>tribe never used those words in combination to denote larger
>>>quantities. In the study, they also used their fingers in addition to
>>>their verbal statement of quantity, but this practice, too, was found
>>>to be highly inaccurate even for small numbers less than five.
>>>
>>>The Pirahã language has no word for "number," and pronouns do not
>>>designate number--"he" and "they" are the same word. Most standard
>>>quantifiers like "more," "several," "all," and "each" do not exist. In
>>>general, while containing a very complex verb structure common to many
>>>Native American languages, the Pirahã language does not allow for
>>>certain kinds of comparative constructions. For example, it was not
>>>possible to ask participants whether one group of objects "has more
>>>nuts than the other" because of the lack of that construction in the
>>>Pirahã grammar. Yet, the word they use for "many," which in that
>>>language was derived from a form ob the verb meaning "to bring
>>>together," is distinct from a word that means something like "much."
>>>
>>>###
>>>
>>>
>>>Details of the study will appear in the Thursday, August 19, issue of
>>>the journal Science.
>>>
>>>Teachers College is the largest graduate school of education in the
>>>nation. Teachers College is affiliated with Columbia University, but it
>>>is legally and financially independent. The editors of U.S. News and
>>>World Report have ranked Teachers College as one of the leading
>>>graduate schools of education in the country. For more information,
>>>please visit the college's Web site at www.tc.columbia.edu.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>
>
>

-------------- next part --------------
An HTML attachment was scrubbed...
URL: <http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/ilat/attachments/20040820/e3d863ec/attachment.htm>