[Lingtyp] Extended uses of terms of address/vocatives
Joseph Brooks
brooks.josephd at gmail.com
Wed Feb 5 11:56:06 UTC 2025
Dear Andrea,
In the usage of Tok Pisin in (at least, Madang) Papua New Guinea, the 2PL
pronoun yupela [jupla] appears, under the slightly altered form [jopla] to
have taken on a new function of expressing exasperation, typically with
non-present parties and irrespective of number, animacy, or other semantic
features of the 2PL pronoun (though it can also be used in reference to
plural parties who've just caused the speaker grief). Akin to English "give
me a break", "what the hell", etc. I don't know of any references to this
in the literature I'm afraid, so it's just my observation but I imagine,
not only mine.
Cheers
Joseph
On Wed, Feb 5, 2025 at 8:17 AM <lingtyp-request at listserv.linguistlist.org>
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> Today's Topics:
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> 1. Re: Concerns about U.S. policies and linguistic archives
> (Stela Manova)
> 2. Re: Concerns about U.S. policies and linguistic archives
> (Emily M. Bender)
> 3. Extended uses of terms of address/vocatives (Andrea Sans?)
> 4. Re: Extended uses of terms of address/vocatives (David Gil)
> 5. Re: Extended uses of terms of address/vocatives (Michael Fiddler)
>
>
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Message: 1
> Date: Tue, 4 Feb 2025 16:13:11 +0000
> From: Stela Manova <manova.stela at gmail.com>
> To: Juergen Bohnemeyer <jb77 at buffalo.edu>, William Croft
> <wacroft at icloud.com>
> Cc: "lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org"
> <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Concerns about U.S. policies and linguistic
> archives
> Message-ID:
> <
> SJ2P220MB1834E1407CCD10E92C0825B0A7F42 at SJ2P220MB1834.NAMP220.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM
> >
>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="windows-1252"
>
> In my message, I do not advertise LLMs as true archives. I only point out
> that much data are stored somewhere already; of course, we do not know in
> what format and order. Then, I do not think that when your government
> decides which data should be preserved (or backed up), they will ask
> linguists, which thus again leads us to LLMs / computer scientists.
> Stela
>
> ________________________________
> From: Lingtyp on behalf of William Croft via Lingtyp
> Sent: Tuesday, February 4, 2025 5:01 PM
> To: Juergen Bohnemeyer
> Cc: lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Concerns about U.S. policies and linguistic archives
>
> I would add that if Musk/Trump are successful in their efforts (they
> aren?t stopped by the courts or the people), then red states such as Texas
> may follow their lead. Also, federal funding pervades government budgets at
> all levels (state, local etc.), as everyone here is about to discover. That
> gives the federal government leverage over state and local goverment
> activities and budget allocations.
>
> Bill
>
> On Feb 4, 2025, at 7:33 AM, Juergen Bohnemeyer via Lingtyp <
> lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org> wrote:
>
> Dear Jocelyn ? Indeed, we are once again finding ourselves in
> ?interesting?, read unprecedented and disturbing, times. Now, I may not be
> in the best position to respond to your query, but any immediate concern
> for the safety of language archives would only relate to things that are
> under the control of the federal government, such as the Library of
> Congress or the National Endowment for the Humanities. And as far as I
> know, these have not been archiving data and records from endangered
> languages.
>
> I do, however, worry about the Smithsonian Institution in this regard.
> Other than the Smithsonian, the language archive that comes immediately to
> mind, AILLA at UT, is not under the purview of the federal government.
>
> In any event, beyond the current situation, it seems indeed vitally
> important to connect the world?s digital language archives and create a
> system of mirrors in order to effectively decentralize the data and thereby
> make it less vulnerable to threats on any one site or even country. It?s my
> understanding that the people in charge of the archives are well aware of
> this and have begun to take steps. But it?s a long-haul project, based on
> my very incomplete understanding.
>
> Best ? Juergen
>
> Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)
> Professor, Department of Linguistics
> University at Buffalo
>
> Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus
> Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260
> Phone: (716) 645 0127
> Fax: (716) 645 3825
> Email: jb77 at buffalo.edu<mailto:jb77 at buffalo.edu>
> Web: http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/
>
> Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585
> 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh)
>
> There?s A Crack In Everything - That?s How The Light Gets In
> (Leonard Cohen)
> --
>
>
>
> From: Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:
> lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>> on behalf of Jocelyn Aznar
> via Lingtyp <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:
> lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>>
> Date: Tuesday, February 4, 2025 at 05:02
> To: lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:
> lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org> <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> <mailto:lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>>
> Subject: [Lingtyp] Concerns about U.S. policies and linguistic archives
>
> Dear colleagues,
>
> I know this list is primarily meant for discussing ideas and
> observations related to linguistic typology, rather than politics.
> However, current U.S. policies regarding scientific data have led me to
> wonder whether these policies might affect the fields of linguistics and
> humanities.
>
> When I heard about data related to ecology and the environment being
> discarded, I immediately worried the same could happen to linguistic
> archives and datasets. But maybe it is just me, dear colleagues working
> in the US, what do you think? Could this happen as well to archives
> related to linguistics and humanities?
>
> I believe that if we address this issue proactively, we?ll be better
> placed to preserve more data should the need arise. For instance, we
> could check whether the existing infrastructure outside of the US, ELAR,
> HumaNum/Ortolang, Pangloss, Paradisec, etc, would be able to handle or
> help to face such a crisis? or whether we should consider setting up
> some sort of emergency server so that researchers can transfer data at
> risk of being lost?
>
> One possible strategy would be to prepare a brief manual (probably as a
> webpage), after discussing with each institution of course, describing
> which archives outside the U.S. could accept data from an archive from
> the US, in which format, what kind of data would be accepted, etc. Then,
> if needed, U.S based researchers could formulate a plan to safeguard
> their data. By doing that, we could also identify gaps in current
> coverage and, if necessary, establish an emergency archive or server to
> fill those gaps.
>
> Best regards,
> Jocelyn Aznar
>
> ? I?m of course also concerned about data from other fields, though I
> feel more competent discussing linguistic data. Still, if we build an
> infrastructure for linguistic data from the U.S., it might be possible
> to scale it up for other disciplines as well.
> _______________________________________________
> Lingtyp mailing list
> Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org<mailto:Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> >
>
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> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 2
> Date: Tue, 4 Feb 2025 08:25:22 -0800
> From: "Emily M. Bender" <ebender at uw.edu>
> To: Stela Manova <manova.stela at gmail.com>
> Cc: Juergen Bohnemeyer <jb77 at buffalo.edu>, William Croft
> <wacroft at icloud.com>, "lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org"
> <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Concerns about U.S. policies and linguistic
> archives
> Message-ID:
> <CAMype6fYwgmBBPU2_AhggFiKoTga9_doKLOJCHVRMm=
> vpd1Ozg at mail.gmail.com>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
>
> Well, for one thing, our government isn't asking advice at this point --
> they are issuing edicts.
>
> For another thing, this is yet another reason that linguists should be
> proactively LOUD about the unsuitability for LLMs (for just about
> anything).
>
> Emily
>
>
> On Tue, Feb 4, 2025 at 8:23?AM Stela Manova via Lingtyp <
> lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org> wrote:
>
> > In my message, I do not advertise LLMs as true archives. I only point out
> > that much data are stored somewhere already; of course, we do not know in
> > what format and order. Then, I do not think that when your government
> > decides which data should be preserved (or backed up), they will ask
> > linguists, which thus again leads us to LLMs / computer scientists.
> > Stela
> >
> > ------------------------------
> > *From:* Lingtyp on behalf of William Croft via Lingtyp
> > *Sent:* Tuesday, February 4, 2025 5:01 PM
> > *To:* Juergen Bohnemeyer
> > *Cc:* lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> > *Subject:* Re: [Lingtyp] Concerns about U.S. policies and linguistic
> > archives
> >
> > I would add that if Musk/Trump are successful in their efforts (they
> > aren?t stopped by the courts or the people), then red states such as
> Texas
> > may follow their lead. Also, federal funding pervades government budgets
> at
> > all levels (state, local etc.), as everyone here is about to discover.
> That
> > gives the federal government leverage over state and local goverment
> > activities and budget allocations.
> >
> > Bill
> >
> > On Feb 4, 2025, at 7:33 AM, Juergen Bohnemeyer via Lingtyp <
> > lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org> wrote:
> >
> > Dear Jocelyn ? Indeed, we are once again finding ourselves in
> > ?interesting?, read unprecedented and disturbing, times. Now, I may not
> be
> > in the best position to respond to your query, but any immediate concern
> > for the safety of language archives would only relate to things that are
> > under the control of the federal government, such as the Library of
> > Congress or the National Endowment for the Humanities. And as far as I
> > know, these have not been archiving data and records from endangered
> > languages.
> >
> > I do, however, worry about the Smithsonian Institution in this regard.
> > Other than the Smithsonian, the language archive that comes immediately
> to
> > mind, AILLA at UT, is not under the purview of the federal government.
> >
> > In any event, beyond the current situation, it seems indeed vitally
> > important to connect the world?s digital language archives and create a
> > system of mirrors in order to effectively decentralize the data and
> thereby
> > make it less vulnerable to threats on any one site or even country. It?s
> my
> > understanding that the people in charge of the archives are well aware of
> > this and have begun to take steps. But it?s a long-haul project, based on
> > my very incomplete understanding.
> >
> > Best ? Juergen
> >
> > Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)
> > Professor, Department of Linguistics
> > University at Buffalo
> >
> > Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus
> > Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260
> > Phone: (716) 645 0127
> > Fax: (716) 645 3825
> > Email: *jb77 at buffalo.edu <jb77 at buffalo.edu>*
> > Web: *http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/
> > <
> https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/*jb77/__;fg!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!lZlQBu-ZCcJBmwwcV31AfzXekzrXaQEwQaPqlmajisvNUOG3CMZIRvoOhlu6rT0G0NN9jTggHRp5r9LUgMC-b9YZs2JLRTe3-Q$
> >*
> >
> >
> > Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585
> > 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh)
> >
> > There?s A Crack In Everything - That?s How The Light Gets In
> > (Leonard Cohen)
> > --
> >
> >
> >
> > *From: *Lingtyp <*lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org
> > <lingtyp-bounces at listserv.linguistlist.org>*> on behalf of Jocelyn Aznar
> > via Lingtyp <*lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> > <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>*>
> > *Date: *Tuesday, February 4, 2025 at 05:02
> > *To: **lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> > <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>* <*lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> > <lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>*>
> > *Subject: *[Lingtyp] Concerns about U.S. policies and linguistic archives
> > Dear colleagues,
> >
> > I know this list is primarily meant for discussing ideas and
> > observations related to linguistic typology, rather than politics.
> > However, current U.S. policies regarding scientific data have led me to
> > wonder whether these policies might affect the fields of linguistics and
> > humanities.
> >
> > When I heard about data related to ecology and the environment being
> > discarded, I immediately worried the same could happen to linguistic
> > archives and datasets. But maybe it is just me, dear colleagues working
> > in the US, what do you think? Could this happen as well to archives
> > related to linguistics and humanities?
> >
> > I believe that if we address this issue proactively, we?ll be better
> > placed to preserve more data should the need arise. For instance, we
> > could check whether the existing infrastructure outside of the US, ELAR,
> > HumaNum/Ortolang, Pangloss, Paradisec, etc, would be able to handle or
> > help to face such a crisis? or whether we should consider setting up
> > some sort of emergency server so that researchers can transfer data at
> > risk of being lost?
> >
> > One possible strategy would be to prepare a brief manual (probably as a
> > webpage), after discussing with each institution of course, describing
> > which archives outside the U.S. could accept data from an archive from
> > the US, in which format, what kind of data would be accepted, etc. Then,
> > if needed, U.S based researchers could formulate a plan to safeguard
> > their data. By doing that, we could also identify gaps in current
> > coverage and, if necessary, establish an emergency archive or server to
> > fill those gaps.
> >
> > Best regards,
> > Jocelyn Aznar
> >
> > ? I?m of course also concerned about data from other fields, though I
> > feel more competent discussing linguistic data. Still, if we build an
> > infrastructure for linguistic data from the U.S., it might be possible
> > to scale it up for other disciplines as well.
> > _______________________________________________
> > Lingtyp mailing list
> > *Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org <Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>*
> > *
> https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Flistserv.linguistlist.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Flingtyp&data=05%7C02%7Cjb77%40buffalo.edu%7C8ad63c8d02e04bd681a208dd4502fde3%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638742601354965905%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=DJ%2Fl9ABlxi%2BjR%2B8C9PDqzDpGS5vkWcUnOZy6OWubBuI%3D&reserved=0
> > <
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> >*
> > _______________________________________________
> > Lingtyp mailing list
> > *Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org <Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org>*
> > *https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp
> > <
> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp__;!!K-Hz7m0Vt54!lZlQBu-ZCcJBmwwcV31AfzXekzrXaQEwQaPqlmajisvNUOG3CMZIRvoOhlu6rT0G0NN9jTggHRp5r9LUgMC-b9YZs2KKINT-RA$
> >*
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > Lingtyp mailing list
> > Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> >
> >
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> >
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> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 3
> Date: Tue, 4 Feb 2025 20:00:27 +0100
> From: Andrea Sans? <asanso at gmail.com>
> To: "LINGTYP at LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"
> <LINGTYP at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> Subject: [Lingtyp] Extended uses of terms of address/vocatives
> Message-ID:
> <
> CAA2ujXtTe0u0R3x-LAF0NTe51ArA4wr+n6857EdUJuKSYypn5g at mail.gmail.com>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
>
> Dear all,
>
> My colleague and I are investigating an Italian term of address/vocative
> that appears to have recently developed new functions. The term in
> question, *raga*, is a shortened form of *ragazzi/e *(meaning "boys/girls"
> in the plural). While our analysis and interpretation of the data are still
> preliminary, we have observed that *raga *is no longer used exclusively in
> its original function as an attention-getter when addressing multiple
> interlocutors. Instead, it has acquired various functions in spoken
> language. Below is a preliminary list of these new functions:
>
> - Expressing the speaker?s surprise (with both positive and negative
> nuances)
> - Intensification/boosting
> - Marking reported discourse
>
> These new functions represent significant departures from the term's
> original, diachronically primary use. For instance, in some cases, *raga*
> is
> directed at a single hearer, contradicting its original plural reference.
> In others, the term occurs at the right periphery of an utterance,
> contrasting with its traditional use as a vocative or attention-getter,
> which is typically confined to the left periphery.
>
> We are aware of several studies addressing the pragmatic evolution of terms
> of address in European languages. For example, in a contrastive study on
> *g?ey* in Mexican Spanish and *alter* in German, Kleinknecht and Sousa
> (2017: 257) argue that ?terms of address have the potential to intensify
> the affectivity displayed by the speaker. In this capacity, they may be
> employed as linguistic strategies to enhance the expressive and
> illocutionary force of utterances.? Furthermore, these expressive uses can
> serve as the basis for more specific functions related to turn-taking and
> information management. In Mexican Spanish, for instance, *g?ey* can occur
> in the right periphery to emphasize the preceding segment, as illustrated
> in the following example (from Kleinknecht & Sousa 2017: 275):
>
> [image: image.png]
>
> While some of the functions we have identified for *raga *align with common
> uses of terms of address (e.g., intensification/boosting), others are
> perhaps less conventional. To situate our research within a typological
> framework, we would like to ask list members for examples of non-canonical
> uses of terms of address, particularly from non-European and non-LOL
> languages. We would especially appreciate examples involving terms with
> inherently plural reference, such as *raga*, as well as any references to
> relevant literature.
>
> I will be happy to post a summary of the responses if needed. Thank you in
> advance for your help and insights.
>
> Best regards,
> Andrea Sans?
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> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 4
> Date: Wed, 5 Feb 2025 02:25:50 +0700
> From: David Gil <dapiiiiit at gmail.com>
> To: Andrea Sans? <asanso at gmail.com>
> Cc: "LINGTYP at LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"
> <LINGTYP at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Extended uses of terms of address/vocatives
> Message-ID:
> <
> CAEoKyV-G4XyhVF1YxOrmNaPegCR7DEOv4NOShEVEA-MgRF08pA at mail.gmail.com>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
>
> Dear Andrea,
>
> A phenomenon displaying several of the features you noted (a term of
> address with plural meaning and extended functions) can be observed in many
> languages, in contemporary slang, especially that of social media,
> involving the borrowing, sometimes with high frequency, of English
> *guys*. I
> have heard this in, among others, varieties of African English, various
> Indo-Aryan languages, assorted Philippine languages, and also Malayic
> dialects. For some examples from Malayic dialects see Gil (2024),
> reproduced below.
>
>
> Best,
>
>
> David
>
>
>
> (31) *Minangkabau*
> Gais lai pernah mancubo makan iko gais?
> *Gais* lai pernah mancubo makan iko
> *gais*?
>
> guys add.foc exp ag:try eat dem:dem.prox
> guys
>
> 'Guys, have you ever tried eating this, guys?'
>
> [https://www.instagram.com/reel/C11JuKNhuex/]
>
> (32) *Papuan Malay*
>
> Sabar *gais*, ha mancing dulu
>
> patient guys 1sg catch.fish first
>
> 'Wait a bit, I want to do some fishing first.'
>
> [DGD]
>
> (57) *Jakarta Indonesian ~ Standard Indonesian*
>
> Hay gaess. Bagaimana gaes,, kalian sudah nonton belum tadi gaes acara
> Bincang Tokoh ibu Dr. Hj. Winarti SE. MH. bersama ANTV Lampung???
>
> Hay *gais*. Bagaimana *gais*, kalian sudah nonton belum
> tadi
> *gais* acara
>
> hi guys how guys 2pl pfv watch nondum
> pst.prox guys program
>
> Bincang Tokoh ibu Dr. Hj. Winarti SE. MH. bersama
> ANTV Lampung
>
> discuss character mother Dr. Hj. Winarti SE. MH. together
> ANTV Lampung
>
> 'Hi guys, what's up guys, have you already watched, guys, the programme
> discussing the character of Mrs. Dr. Hj. Winarti SE. MH. on ANTV Lampung?'
>
> [
>
> https://www.tulangbawangkab.go.id/news/read/4044/hay-gaess-bagaimana-gaes-kalian-sudah-nonton-belum-tadi-gaes-acara-bincang-tokoh-ibu-dr-hj-winarti-s
> ]
>
> (58) *Standard Indonesian*
>
> Rudal Tamir sendiri adalah rudal luncur otomatis,
> atau "self-propelled",
>
>
> missile Tamir neg.foc cop missile launch automatic or
> self-propelled
>
> yang berbahan bakar padat, dan dipandur radar
> yang merancang,
>
>
> rel dpat:material burn solid and pat:guide radar rel
> ag:design
>
> untuk mencegah target pada jarak hingga tujuh puluh kilometer
> *gais*
>
> for ag:prevent target obl range until seven ten
> kilometer guys
>
> 'The Tamir missile itself is an automatically-launched, or self-propelled,
> missile using solid fuel and with a radar designed to defend against
> targets up to a range of seventy kilometers guys.'
>
> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2Gf32zNzcg: 2:06-2:19]
>
>
>
> Gil, David (2024) "Borrowing within Malayic: The Role of Exotericity", in
> A. Adelaar, T. Hoogervorst and S. Moeimam eds., Lexical Borrowing in Island
> Southeast Asia; History, Impact and Analysis, WACANA, Journal of the
> Humanities of Indonesia, 25.3:480-530.
>
>
>
> Available (I think ...) at:
>
> *
> https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1793&context=wacana&fbclid=IwY2xjawIPRG1leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHbvMebp1dJohe2Yfe2CYXCdcsbXM2oF388B1K8yDGChgM3QkjgPM9tgJ-w_aem_W0nMR116BUrGL9lv-6PbOg
> <
> https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1793&context=wacana&fbclid=IwY2xjawIPRG1leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHbvMebp1dJohe2Yfe2CYXCdcsbXM2oF388B1K8yDGChgM3QkjgPM9tgJ-w_aem_W0nMR116BUrGL9lv-6PbOg
> >*
>
> On Wed, Feb 5, 2025 at 2:01?AM Andrea Sans? via Lingtyp <
> lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org> wrote:
>
> > Dear all,
> >
> > My colleague and I are investigating an Italian term of address/vocative
> > that appears to have recently developed new functions. The term in
> > question, *raga*, is a shortened form of *ragazzi/e *(meaning
> > "boys/girls" in the plural). While our analysis and interpretation of the
> > data are still preliminary, we have observed that *raga *is no longer
> > used exclusively in its original function as an attention-getter when
> > addressing multiple interlocutors. Instead, it has acquired various
> > functions in spoken language. Below is a preliminary list of these new
> > functions:
> >
> > - Expressing the speaker?s surprise (with both positive and negative
> > nuances)
> > - Intensification/boosting
> > - Marking reported discourse
> >
> > These new functions represent significant departures from the term's
> > original, diachronically primary use. For instance, in some cases,
> *raga* is
> > directed at a single hearer, contradicting its original plural reference.
> > In others, the term occurs at the right periphery of an utterance,
> > contrasting with its traditional use as a vocative or attention-getter,
> > which is typically confined to the left periphery.
> >
> > We are aware of several studies addressing the pragmatic evolution of
> > terms of address in European languages. For example, in a contrastive
> study
> > on *g?ey* in Mexican Spanish and *alter* in German, Kleinknecht and Sousa
> > (2017: 257) argue that ?terms of address have the potential to intensify
> > the affectivity displayed by the speaker. In this capacity, they may be
> > employed as linguistic strategies to enhance the expressive and
> > illocutionary force of utterances.? Furthermore, these expressive uses
> can
> > serve as the basis for more specific functions related to turn-taking and
> > information management. In Mexican Spanish, for instance, *g?ey* can
> > occur in the right periphery to emphasize the preceding segment, as
> > illustrated in the following example (from Kleinknecht & Sousa 2017:
> 275):
> >
> > [image: image.png]
> >
> > While some of the functions we have identified for *raga *align with
> > common uses of terms of address (e.g., intensification/boosting), others
> > are perhaps less conventional. To situate our research within a
> typological
> > framework, we would like to ask list members for examples of
> non-canonical
> > uses of terms of address, particularly from non-European and non-LOL
> > languages. We would especially appreciate examples involving terms with
> > inherently plural reference, such as *raga*, as well as any references to
> > relevant literature.
> >
> > I will be happy to post a summary of the responses if needed. Thank you
> in
> > advance for your help and insights.
> >
> > Best regards,
> > Andrea Sans?
> > _______________________________________________
> > Lingtyp mailing list
> > Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> > https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp
> >
>
>
> --
>
> David Gil
>
> Senior Scientist (Associate)
> Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
> Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
> Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
>
> Email: dapiiiiit at gmail.com
> Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
> Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-082113720302
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>
> ------------------------------
>
> Message: 5
> Date: Tue, 4 Feb 2025 13:07:39 -0800
> From: Michael Fiddler <mfiddler at ucsb.edu>
> To: David Gil <dapiiiiit at gmail.com>
> Cc: Andrea Sans? <asanso at gmail.com>,
> "LINGTYP at LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"
> <LINGTYP at listserv.linguistlist.org>
> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Extended uses of terms of address/vocatives
> Message-ID:
> <CAOrjZ3nfQXBeoJoW5uJJd_mscP=_
> An8aWrHr+gqizPy5B1jT3g at mail.gmail.com>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
>
> Hi Andrea,
>
> This may be on your radar already, but *bro *or *bruh *in American English
> (and probably other varieties) exhibits these extended functions.
> Originally a term of address for a singular male addressee (typically from
> a male speaker as well), it can now be used by any speaker as an
> attention-getting marker for any addressee or group of addressees, as a
> stand-alone interjection expressing surprise, and as an intensifier for the
> utterance that it goes with (either preceding or following).
>
> I don't know the literature on this topic, but I observe these uses of
> *bro/bruh *on a daily basis from my seven-year-old daughter and her
> friends, as well as my three-year-old son, who learned it from his big
> sister.
>
> >From California,
>
> Michael
>
>
>
> On Tue, Feb 4, 2025 at 11:28?AM David Gil via Lingtyp <
> lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org> wrote:
>
> > Dear Andrea,
> >
> > A phenomenon displaying several of the features you noted (a term of
> > address with plural meaning and extended functions) can be observed in
> many
> > languages, in contemporary slang, especially that of social media,
> > involving the borrowing, sometimes with high frequency, of English
> *guys*.
> > I have heard this in, among others, varieties of African English, various
> > Indo-Aryan languages, assorted Philippine languages, and also Malayic
> > dialects. For some examples from Malayic dialects see Gil (2024),
> > reproduced below.
> >
> >
> > Best,
> >
> >
> > David
> >
> >
> >
> > (31) *Minangkabau*
> > Gais lai pernah mancubo makan iko gais?
> > *Gais* lai pernah mancubo makan iko
> > *gais*?
> >
> > guys add.foc exp ag:try eat
> dem:dem.prox
> > guys
> >
> > 'Guys, have you ever tried eating this, guys?'
> >
> > [https://www.instagram.com/reel/C11JuKNhuex/]
> >
> > (32) *Papuan Malay*
> >
> > Sabar *gais*, ha mancing dulu
> >
> > patient guys 1sg catch.fish first
> >
> > 'Wait a bit, I want to do some fishing first.'
> >
> > [DGD]
> >
> > (57) *Jakarta Indonesian ~ Standard Indonesian*
> >
> > Hay gaess. Bagaimana gaes,, kalian sudah nonton belum tadi gaes acara
> > Bincang Tokoh ibu Dr. Hj. Winarti SE. MH. bersama ANTV Lampung???
> >
> > Hay *gais*. Bagaimana *gais*, kalian sudah nonton belum
> > tadi *gais* acara
> >
> > hi guys how guys 2pl pfv watch
> > nondum pst.prox guys program
> >
> > Bincang Tokoh ibu Dr. Hj. Winarti SE. MH. bersama
> > ANTV Lampung
> >
> > discuss character mother Dr. Hj. Winarti SE. MH. together
> > ANTV Lampung
> >
> > 'Hi guys, what's up guys, have you already watched, guys, the programme
> > discussing the character of Mrs. Dr. Hj. Winarti SE. MH. on ANTV
> Lampung?'
> >
> > [
> >
> https://www.tulangbawangkab.go.id/news/read/4044/hay-gaess-bagaimana-gaes-kalian-sudah-nonton-belum-tadi-gaes-acara-bincang-tokoh-ibu-dr-hj-winarti-s
> > ]
> >
> > (58) *Standard Indonesian*
> >
> > Rudal Tamir sendiri adalah rudal luncur otomatis,
> atau "self-propelled",
> >
> >
> > missile Tamir neg.foc cop missile launch automatic or
> > self-propelled
> >
> > yang berbahan bakar padat, dan dipandur radar yang
> merancang,
> >
> >
> > rel dpat:material burn solid and pat:guide radar rel
> > ag:design
> >
> > untuk mencegah target pada jarak hingga tujuh puluh kilometer
> > *gais*
> >
> > for ag:prevent target obl range until seven ten
> > kilometer guys
> >
> > 'The Tamir missile itself is an automatically-launched, or
> self-propelled,
> > missile using solid fuel and with a radar designed to defend against
> > targets up to a range of seventy kilometers guys.'
> >
> > [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2Gf32zNzcg: 2:06-2:19]
> >
> >
> >
> > Gil, David (2024) "Borrowing within Malayic: The Role of Exotericity", in
> > A. Adelaar, T. Hoogervorst and S. Moeimam eds., Lexical Borrowing in
> Island
> > Southeast Asia; History, Impact and Analysis, WACANA, Journal of the
> > Humanities of Indonesia, 25.3:480-530.
> >
> >
> >
> > Available (I think ...) at:
> >
> > *
> https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1793&context=wacana&fbclid=IwY2xjawIPRG1leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHbvMebp1dJohe2Yfe2CYXCdcsbXM2oF388B1K8yDGChgM3QkjgPM9tgJ-w_aem_W0nMR116BUrGL9lv-6PbOg
> > <
> https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1793&context=wacana&fbclid=IwY2xjawIPRG1leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHbvMebp1dJohe2Yfe2CYXCdcsbXM2oF388B1K8yDGChgM3QkjgPM9tgJ-w_aem_W0nMR116BUrGL9lv-6PbOg
> >*
> >
> > On Wed, Feb 5, 2025 at 2:01?AM Andrea Sans? via Lingtyp <
> > lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org> wrote:
> >
> >> Dear all,
> >>
> >> My colleague and I are investigating an Italian term of address/vocative
> >> that appears to have recently developed new functions. The term in
> >> question, *raga*, is a shortened form of *ragazzi/e *(meaning
> >> "boys/girls" in the plural). While our analysis and interpretation of
> the
> >> data are still preliminary, we have observed that *raga *is no longer
> >> used exclusively in its original function as an attention-getter when
> >> addressing multiple interlocutors. Instead, it has acquired various
> >> functions in spoken language. Below is a preliminary list of these new
> >> functions:
> >>
> >> - Expressing the speaker?s surprise (with both positive and negative
> >> nuances)
> >> - Intensification/boosting
> >> - Marking reported discourse
> >>
> >> These new functions represent significant departures from the term's
> >> original, diachronically primary use. For instance, in some cases,
> *raga* is
> >> directed at a single hearer, contradicting its original plural
> reference.
> >> In others, the term occurs at the right periphery of an utterance,
> >> contrasting with its traditional use as a vocative or attention-getter,
> >> which is typically confined to the left periphery.
> >>
> >> We are aware of several studies addressing the pragmatic evolution of
> >> terms of address in European languages. For example, in a contrastive
> study
> >> on *g?ey* in Mexican Spanish and *alter* in German, Kleinknecht and
> >> Sousa (2017: 257) argue that ?terms of address have the potential to
> >> intensify the affectivity displayed by the speaker. In this capacity,
> they
> >> may be employed as linguistic strategies to enhance the expressive and
> >> illocutionary force of utterances.? Furthermore, these expressive uses
> can
> >> serve as the basis for more specific functions related to turn-taking
> and
> >> information management. In Mexican Spanish, for instance, *g?ey* can
> >> occur in the right periphery to emphasize the preceding segment, as
> >> illustrated in the following example (from Kleinknecht & Sousa 2017:
> 275):
> >>
> >> [image: image.png]
> >>
> >> While some of the functions we have identified for *raga *align with
> >> common uses of terms of address (e.g., intensification/boosting), others
> >> are perhaps less conventional. To situate our research within a
> typological
> >> framework, we would like to ask list members for examples of
> non-canonical
> >> uses of terms of address, particularly from non-European and non-LOL
> >> languages. We would especially appreciate examples involving terms with
> >> inherently plural reference, such as *raga*, as well as any references
> >> to relevant literature.
> >>
> >> I will be happy to post a summary of the responses if needed. Thank you
> >> in advance for your help and insights.
> >>
> >> Best regards,
> >> Andrea Sans?
> >> _______________________________________________
> >> Lingtyp mailing list
> >> Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> >> https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp
> >>
> >
> >
> > --
> >
> > David Gil
> >
> > Senior Scientist (Associate)
> > Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
> > Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
> > Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
> >
> > Email: dapiiiiit at gmail.com
> > Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
> > Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-082113720302
> >
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > Lingtyp mailing list
> > Lingtyp at listserv.linguistlist.org
> > https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp
> >
>
>
> --
> Michael Fiddler
> PhD candidate
> Department of Linguistics
> University of California, Santa Barbara
> website <https://sites.google.com/view/michaelfiddler/home?authuser=0>
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>
> Subject: Digest Footer
>
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> https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp
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> ------------------------------
>
> End of Lingtyp Digest, Vol 125, Issue 14
> ****************************************
>
>
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