LL-L "Resources" 2002.06.07 (05) [E]

Fri Jun 7 18:40:22 UTC 2002

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From: R. F. Hahn <sassisch at yahoo.com>
Subject: Resources

Dear Lowlanders,

Once in a while subscribers ask on the List or privately about learning
basic concepts of phonology (or just want to find out what phonology is
and how it differs from phonetics).

Below please find a short list of more or less convenient resources that
can help you get started.

Best wishes,
Reinhard/Ron

***

ONLINE:

Phonology
http://www.celt.stir.ac.uk/staff/HIGDOX/STEPHEN/PHONO/PHONOLG.HTM

De klank van Nederland
Onze taal
http://www.onzetaal.nl/dossier/tongval/t01.html

Methods of synchronic linguistic analysis
(Encyclopædia Britannica Article, if you can access it):
http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article?eu=119040&tocid=35098&query=phonology

***

OFFLINE:

Understanding Phonology
Carlos Gussenhoven, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and HAIKE
JACOBS, Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 304 pp.; 2
linecuts;
0-340-69218-9

An Introduction to Phonology (Learning About Language)
Francis Katamba, Addison-Wesley Pub Co; ISBN: 058229150X; (November
1989)

A Course in Phonology
Iggy Roca, Wyn Johnson, Aggy Roca, Blackwell Publishers; ISBN:
0631213465; (February 1999)

Phonology : Analysis and Theory
Edmund Gussmann, Cambridge University Press; ISBN: 0521574285; (March
2002)

An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
(Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics, 9)
John Clark, Colin Yallop, Blackwell Publishers; ISBN: 0631194525; 2nd
edition (July 1995)

Fundamentals of Phonetics: A Practical Guide for Students
(with FREE Audio CD)
Larry H. Small, Allyn & Bacon; ISBN: 0205273319; 1 edition (November 13,
1998)

***

Useful definitions from the online version of the _Encyclopædia
Britannica_:

PHONOLOGY:
study of the sound patterns that occur within languages. Some linguists
include phonetics, the study of the production and description of speech
sounds, within the study of phonology.
Diachronic (historical) phonology examines and constructs theories about
the changes and modifications in speech sounds and sound systems over a
period of time. For example, it is concerned with the process by which
the English words "sea" and "see," once pronounced with different vowel
sounds (as indicated by the spelling), have come to be pronounced alike
today. Synchronic (descriptive) phonology investigates sounds at a
single stage in the development of a language, to discover the sound
patterns that can occur. For example, in English, nt and dm can appear
within or at the end of words ("rent," "admit") but not at the
beginning.

PHONETICS:
the study of speech sounds and their physiological production and
acoustic qualities. It deals with the configurations of the vocal tract
used to produce speech sounds (articulatory phonetics), the acoustic
properties of speech sounds (acoustic phonetics), and the manner of
combining sounds so as to make syllables, words, and sentences
(linguistic phonetics).

PHONEME:
in linguistics, smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word
element) from another, as the sound p in "tap," which separates that
word from "tab," "tag," and "tan." A phoneme may have more than one
variant, called an allophone (q.v.), which functions as a single sound;
for example, the p's of "pat," "spat," and "tap" differ slightly
phonetically, but that difference, determined by context, has no
significance in English. In some languages, where the variant sounds of
p can change meaning, they are classified as separate phonemes-e.g., in
Thai the aspirated p (pronounced with an accompanying puff of air) and
unaspirated p are distinguished one from the other.
Phonemes are based on spoken language and may be recorded with special
symbols, like those of the International Phonetic Alphabet. In
transcription, linguists conventionally place symbols for phonemes
between slash marks: /p/. The term phoneme is usually restricted to
vowels and consonants, but some linguists extend its application to
cover phonologically relevant differences of pitch, stress, and rhythm.
Nowadays the phoneme has a less central place in phonological theory
than it used to have, especially in American linguistics. Many linguists
regard the phoneme as a set of simultaneous distinctive features, rather
than as an unanalyzable unit.

ALLOPHONE:
one of the phonetically distinct variants of a phoneme (q.v.). The
occurrence of one allophone rather than another is usually determined by
its position in the word (initial, final, medial, etc.) or by its
phonetic environment. Speakers of a language often have difficulty in
hearing the phonetic differences between allophones of the same phoneme,
because these differences do not serve to distinguish one word from
another. In English the t sounds in the words "hit," "tip," and "little"
are allophones; phonemically they are considered to be the same sound
although they are different phonetically in terms of aspiration,
voicing, and point of articulation. In Japanese and some dialects of
Chinese, the sounds f and h are allophones.

MORPHOLOGY:
in linguistics, study of the internal construction of words. Languages
vary widely in the degree to which words can be analyzed into word
elements, or morphemes (q.v.). In English there are numerous examples,
such as "replacement," which is composed of re-, "place," and -ment, and
"walked," from the elements "walk" and -ed. Many American Indian
languages have a highly complex morphology; other languages, such as
Vietnamese or Chinese, have very little or none. Morphology includes the
grammatical processes of inflection (q.v.) and derivation . Inflection
marks categories such as person, tense, and case; e.g., "sings" contains
a final -s, marker of the 3rd person singular, and the German Mannes
consists of the stem Mann and the genitive singular inflection -es.
Derivation is the formation of new words from existing words; e.g.,
"singer" from "sing" and "acceptable" from "accept." Derived words can
also be inflected: "singers" from "singer."

MORPHEME:
in linguistics, the smallest grammatical unit of speech; it may be a
word, like "place" or "an," or an element of a word, like re- and -ed in
"reappeared." So-called isolating languages, such as Vietnamese, have a
one-to-one correspondence of morphemes to words; i.e., no words contain
more than one morpheme. Variants of a morpheme are called allomorphs;
the ending -s, indicating plural in "cats," "dogs," the -es in "dishes,"
and the -en of "oxen" are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme. The
word "talked" is represented by two morphemes, "talk" and the past-tense
morpheme, here indicated by -ed. The study of words and morphemes is
included in morphology (q.v.).

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